欧洲历史中劳动问题的研究

尽管人们对劳动的历史及欧洲历史中的劳动问题多有研究,但劳动问题仍然需要更为清晰的阐述。最初,人们视劳动为苦力和负担,而在基督教义中,劳动集诅咒和祝福于一身。正好在宗教改革运动之前,劳动开始与富裕和幸福联系在一起,懒惰则与贫穷和邪恶相联系。欧洲的171、8世纪是重大变革加速进行的时期,从那时起,现代的、普遍的劳动概念占据了上风。进入19世纪,启蒙运动将劳动、教育和人的尊严相联系,这成了资产阶级和无产阶级意识中的重要动力。工业化以及随之相伴的城市化使得劳动成为谋生的主要手段,劳动在社会、政治和文化方面越来越重要。如今我们正处于重大变革的中途。从整体上讲,劳动的意义正在缩小,劳动本身正在变化,但劳动发展的新动向仍处于迷雾之中。     

A special section for correspondence and controversy

With thanks in this issue to Joel E. Cohen of Rockefeller University, who agreed to the reprinting of his book review and suggested publishing the response it inspired; also to Victor R. Fuchs of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Paul A. Samuelson of MIT, and Michael S. Teitelbaum of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation who consented to the publication of their correspondence. ED.Review of The Birth Dearth: What Happens When People in Democratic Countries Don't Have Enough Babies?Ben Wattenberg. New York: Pharos Books, 1987. Reprinted with permission from theWall Street Journal, August 6, 1987.     

Children's reactions to sibling loss

Loss of a child is a severe trauma to the members of any family. Although the reactions of parents to the loss of a child has received a considerable amount of attention in the literature, relatively little has been written about the impact of such a loss on the remaining sibling(s). The effect of sibling loss on a child is complicated by many factors; among them are the tendency of children to deny the reality of death and the feelings associated with this experience, as well as the manner in which the parents are able to cope with the loss. This article reviews the available literature and calls for more research dealing with the impact of the loss of a child on the entire family system.     

Preventing disruption of special needs adoptions

The incidence of adoption disruptions is much higher in special-needs adoptions than in infant adoptions. This article reports the results of an analysis of differences in functioning between families able to sustain special-needs placements and families in which they disrupted. The finding is that the father plays a pivotal role in maintaining these placements. If he is actively involved in parenting, and able to nurture and support the mother in her role, placements are more likely to be sustained.     

Time for a Change? Women's Accounts of the Move from Organizational Careers to Self‐Employment

This paper is based on a study of women's transition from careers within organizations into self-employment. It focuses on three key issues: the ways in which women accounted for their career transition, their decisions to opt for self-employment, and the extent to which, in telling their stories, respondents engaged with emerging career discourses. First, this paper considers recent debates within the literature on women's exit from organizations, and emerging discourses of career and self-employment, focusing on the position of women within these changing discourses. Research findings are then presented, examining three central themes: entrepreneurial orientation, dissatisfaction with the organization and balance of personal and professional life. The concluding section considers how women made sense of the web of factors involved in their career transition and reflects on whether indeed it is 'time for a change'.