Aboriginal migration to the cities

Aboriginal migration to the cities is frequently assumed to be adding to the population of urban Aborigines. An analysis of actual patterns of Aboriginal migration to the large Australian cities (major urban areas), using data from the 1981 and 1986 Australian Censuses, shows that the major urban areas of New South Wales and Victoria were actually losing Aboriginal population through net migration throughout the period 1976 to 1986. At both inter-State level and country-to-city lev/el, any Aboriginal migration flow in one direction tends to be almost cancelled out by a flow of similar size in the opposite direction. However, there are definite age-specific patterns. In particular, there is movement of young single adults to the cities, often counterbalanced by migration of somewhat older adults with their children to the country. Aboriginal migrants have higher levels of labour-force participation than equivalent categories of non-migrants.     

Why Parents Pay for College: The Good Parent,Perceptions of Advantage,and the Intergenerational Transfer of Opportunity

This article asks how parents think about the cost of a college education for their children. Based on data from more than ninety in‐depth interviews with upper‐middle‐class parents and children, it is clear that grooming children for college and then paying for their education is intimately linked with ideas about being a “good parent.” We present data on three related aspects of parents' consciousness about paying for college. First, data are presented on how parents view the benefits of college for their children. Second, data illustrate how parents think about the obligations associated with paying. Third, we report on what parents expect in return for their efforts and expenditures. Data also indicate that parents' views are contingent on their perceived ability to pay for the increasing costs of higher education. We conclude by considering how the implicit contract between upper‐middle‐class parents and children may change as new economic and structural uncertainties increase parents' anxieties and challenge their abilities to see themselves as good parents.     

Social work in South Africa at the dawn of the new millennium

The article examines recent developments in social policy and its implications for social work education and practice in South Africa. It traces the changes from the birth of democracy in South Africa to the dawn of the new millennium as these crucial years marked the beginning of a new era in South Africa's welfare history. It examines the challenges to social work and provides an example of the integrated, holistic developmental interventions, which are needed to combat social problems such as crime, AIDS and poverty. It ends with an examination of the implications of developmental welfare policy for social–work education as social workers are called to address mass poverty, unemployment and social deprivation through greater use of diverse social work methods, such as advocacy, community development, empowerment, consultation, networking, action research and policy analysis.     

Growing yams and men: an interpretation of Kimam male ritualized homosexual behavior

This paper explores the meaning of Kimam (Irian Jaya) male ritualized homosexual behavior by placing the behavior within a broad cultural context. It demonstrates that males claim to foster the growth of yams and to make men from boys by manipulating the processes of fertilization. One aspect of this manipulation involves the transfer of sperm from older males to boys. Exploration of Kimam ideas of death and burial rituals suggests that members of one village sector see their fertility as under attack by males of the opposite sector. At the conclusion of mortuary ceremonies, the two sectors engage in competitive feasts in which the successful control of fertility is symbolized by the presentation of finished products of male vitality: yams and children, especially boys. The analysis indicates that an understanding of homosexual behavior requires that attention not be restricted to the sexual behavior itself, but rather include various domains of meaning associated with it.     

论习惯

习惯本身不是法律,而是法律的一个渊源。如果法官发现某一规则在人类交往活动中被整个社会或社会的一部分普遍遵守,那么,法官就会把它作为一条规则确定下来。习惯不是意见,而是实践,是相同条件下人们行为的一律性。人们一般认为,习惯早于法官的判决,后者不过是表述前者而已,然而,这并没有多少依据。习惯经常产生于法官的判决。