A call for field-relevant research about child forensic interviewing for child protection

This article reviews some sensitivity versus specificity imbalances in forensic investigations of child sexual abuse. It then proposes the development or further testing of additional approaches for those children who do not respond to the current, single-interview National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) protocol. Although there are other interview protocols based on similar principles, the NICHD protocol has the strongest evidence base in both field and laboratory studies to elicit detailed and accurate information from children. Adaptations of the NICHD protocol or additional approaches need to be developed and tested for nondisclosing, partially disclosing, or recanting children, very young children, children with developmental disabilities, and children whose sexual abuse allegations are evaluated in the context of custody or visitation disputes.     

Gonadotrophin receptor hormone analogues in combination with add-back therapy: an update

Gonadotrophin receptor hormone analogues (GnRHa) have been used in a range of sex hormone-dependent disorders. In the management of premenstrual syndrome, they can completely abolish symptoms. The success of GnRHa in the treatment of endometriosis and adjuvant therapy in the management of fibroids is proven. This efficacy does not come without a cost and the side-effects of the hypo-estrogenic state have limited their application. The use of add-back therapy to counter these effects has enabled wider application, longer durations of treatment and an increase in compliance. This review article is an update on the evidence supporting gonadotrophin receptor hormone analogues in combination with add-back therapy.     

金融衍生品测试:金融创新中的食品与药物管理局

导致2008年金融危机爆发的部分原因是对复杂的金融衍生品进行投机性投资.在制定《多德-弗兰克法》过程中,美国国会曾试图寻求解决投机的办法,却仅仅把权力转移到各机构,始终未找到切实可行的解决方案.目前大多数观点都集中于交易所和结算所的使用及信息披露.然而,我们认为这种强制披露制度几乎没有作用,因为金融机构投资了大量资金开发金融产品,并借此进行博弈和监管套利,而这两种行为都只能造成社会资源的浪费.因此,我们建议当投资机构创造出新的金融产品时,在获得政府机构的许可之前应该被禁止销售,该政府机构应该沿用美国食品与药物管理局检查创新药品的标准来检查新的金融衍生品.只有当新开发的金融衍生品通过了社会效用测试,才可获准投放市场.     

A prospective study of the onset of sexual behavior and sexual risk in youth perinatally infected with HIV

Perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) youth are surviving into adolescence and young adulthood. Understanding the sexual development of PHIV+ youth is vital to providing them with developmentally appropriate HIV-prevention programs. Using pooled data (N = 417) from two longitudinal studies focused on HIV among youth (51% female; 39% HIV+) and their caregivers (92% female; 46% HIV+), the rate of sexual onset during adolescence across four youth-caregiver combinations was compared: PHIV+ youth with HIV+caregivers (12%), PHIV+ youth with HIV- caregivers (27%), HIV- youth with HIV+caregivers (34%), and HIV- youth with HIV- caregivers (27%). Youth with HIV- caregivers were more likely than other youth-caregiver groups to have had their sexual onset. Youth with HIV+ caregivers reported a slower rate of onset of penetrative sex across the adolescent years. Findings are discussed by highlighting the role that both youth and caregiver HIV status play in the onset of sexual behavior across adolescence.     

Understanding "elder abuse and neglect": a critique of assumptions underpinning responses to the mistreatment and neglect of older people

This article provides an overview of the ways in which the mistreatment and neglect of older people have come to be understood as a social problem, one which is underpinned by a variety of substantive and theoretical assumptions. It connects the process of conceptualizing elder abuse and neglect to political-economic and social evolution. The authors draw on a review of the literature, government sources, interest group websites, and their own research to provide a critical commentary illustrating how these understandings have become manifest in legislation, policies, and programs pertaining to "elder abuse and neglect" in Canada. Suggestions are provided for changes in direction for policies, programs, and research.     

Orphans and schooling in africa: a longitudinal analysis

AIDS deaths could have a major impact on economic development by affecting the human capital accumulation of the next generation. We estimate the impact of parent death on primary school participation using an unusual five-year panel data set of over 20,000 Kenyan children. There is a substantial decrease in school participation following a parent death and a smaller drop before the death (presumably due to pre-death morbidity). Estimated impacts are smaller in specifications without individual fixed effects, suggesting that estimates based on cross-sectional data are biased toward zero. Effects are largest for children whose mothers died and, in a novel finding, for those with low baseline academic performance.