病害与作物产量——存在的问题与前景

自有农业以来,作物病害就一直威胁着农业生产,所以,不能把作物病害直接归咎于现代农业,然而,现代化的农业却加剧了作物病害的发展和蔓延。因此,总的来讲,目前的病害较之昔日严重,尤其是某些旨在最大限度增加短期效益的农业措施更加重了病虫的危害。这些措施包括在广阔的地域内使用较单一的作物品种、过量施用化肥和过量浇水(Carlson＆Main,1976)。另外,有些现行高产作物品种确实对病害很敏感,事先这些病害显得无关紧要,但是,一旦大规模地种植这些品种,那么,病害就迅速蔓延开来并造成损害。例如,在美国加利福尼亚州,白粉病(Erysiphe betae)和细菌性根系腐烂病(Erwinia spp.)都严重地损害了某些耐病毒病的甜菜品种,但这些病害未损害原始品种。     

马克思列宁主义美学的对象和结构

美学的对象是在研究美学的三个组成部分的基础上构成的.这三个组成部分是:(1)客观美;(2)创作的主体;(3)艺术.如何理解客观美?就其广义而言,美就是某种意义上的完善.完善是客观现实、精神生活和艺术的一种属性,这种属性体现出这些现象存在的完满无缺.就这个意义来说,完善是所有美的现象共同具有的普遍性     

Gender,pain, and doctor involvement: high school student attitudes toward doctor-assisted suicide

The present study concentrates on the attitudes of high school students toward active doctor-assisted suicide as described in hypothetical doctor-patient scenarios, orthogonally manipulating doctor's reaction to patient's wishes to end his/her life (whether discussed, accepted or encouraged), presence of patient's physical pain, presence of patient's emotional pain, and the gender of the hypothetical patient. Doctor-assisted suicides thoroughly discussed with the patient are judged to be more moral, acceptable, and "legal" than assisted suicides that are simply accepted by the doctor or actively encouraged by him. Significantly, this is not a distinction that is relevant in the eyes of the law. Further, the presence of both physical and emotional pain on the part of the patient make the patient death more acceptable in the eyes of high school students. This latter effect is striking, given the result of the Wooddell and Kaplan (1999-2000) study showing that patient depression tends to weaken acceptability of death. Finally, respondents, both male and female, tend to view deaths of patients of the opposite gender as more acceptable than patients of the same gender.     

Psychometric properties of the work environment impact scale: a cross-cultural study

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Work Environment Impact Scale in the United States and Sweden. Thirteen American and four Swedish occupational therapists used the scale (in English and Swedish respectively) to rate 21 (11 American and 10 Swedish) subjects. Results of a Rasch analysis of the data, indicate that the items work well together to measure the construct of work environment impact. The scale is also suitably matched to the clients in this study and effectively discriminated different levels of work environment impact. The findings also suggest that both language versions of the scale are equivalent and that the scale is culture-free.     

Understanding the diverse needs of the Medicare population: implications for Medicare reform

Meeting the health care needs of millions of elderly and disabled Americans is central to the debate over Medicare's future. Using data from a nationally representative survey of 3,309 beneficiaries, Medicare's most vulnerable beneficiaries were profiled, examining variations in coverage, satisfaction, access, and financial difficulties. A substantial portion of the Medicare population--two thirds--were found to have health problems or low incomes. The analysis found that about 40% of beneficiaries with incomes below the poverty level, in fair or poor health, or with ADL limitations, have difficulties paying their medical bills or getting needed health care. Medicare's disabled, under-65 beneficiaries are at even higher risk: nearly half (47%) have health care access problems or deal with financial hardship due to medical bills. The diverse needs and experiences of the Medicare population are underscored, providing new insights into the challenge of maintaining or improving protection for those with greatest need while assuring the long-term fiscal viability of the program.     

The medical director as educator: an interview with Elizabeth M. Gallup, MD, JD, MBA. Interview by Richard L. Reece

Richard L. Reece, MD, interviewed Elizabeth M. Gallup, MD, JD, MBA, on July 9, 1999, to talk about the evolving role of the physician executive. Dr. Gallup discusses how medical directors have evolved from a purely clinical role to participating in the business side of medicine as well. The traditional medical director, a Dr. No who denies treatment and watches clinical performance, is now becoming an educator helping physicians to manage their behavior and change their practices based on comparative data. Her book, How Physicians Can Avoid Surrender and Lead Change: Gaining Real Influence in Your Own Health Care Organization Before It's Too Late, (American College of Physician Executives, 1996) promotes acting together as a group if physicians want to stay independent and not become employed. Independent physicians can form IPAs and act together as a group, avoiding some antitrust laws. Unless physicians get together and act as a group, she says, they are doomed to further and further erosion of their economic interests as well as their clinical autonomy.     

Female "birds of passage" a decade later: gender and immigration in the European Union

"First, this article critically assesses the dominant accounts of the sequence of labor migration and family reunification and argues that it is time to reclaim the heterogeneity of women's past migratory experiences in our understanding of European patterns of post-war immigration. Second, it examines family migration, covering diverse forms of family reunification and formation which, although the dominant form of legal immigration into Europe since the 1970s, has received relatively little attention. Third, it explores the implications of the diversification of contemporary female migration in the European Union and argues for the necessity of taking account of the reality of changing patterns of employment, households and social structures to advance our understanding of European immigration."     

直接交往与间接交往

个性心理活动的社会心理中介性,可以通过人类交往本身的中介性来观察该现象的纷繁复杂的各个方面。现代社会生活中大众传播工具的作用不断增加,以及在科技革命条件下交往的传播形式发生质的变化,在社会学和社会心理学文献中引起两种似是而非的、关于人类交往发展的主要趋势的结论之争。一方强调为个性全面的精神充实开辟前景的人类交往的进步性,另一方则指出人们相互了解的困难以及在人际多种联系的大众传播工具的中介性日益加大条件下个人的疏远。只有把直接交往和间接交往的相互关     

伦理学、道德学,还是道德社会学?——评苏联80年代的伦理学讨论

最近,苏联学者Y.T.叶菲莫夫的《伦理学与道德学》一文,引起了苏联国内对伦理学研究对象、结构及其进一步发展问题的重新探讨.叶菲莫夫再次提出这一问题的动机不是想掀起一场学院式的讨论,而是出于对不断建设社会主义社会实际需要的考虑.其目的是想借助对道德现象的研究,提高伦理学研究对社会实践的实际效用,并使伦理学知识成为党更好地把握道德过程的手段.这个目的得到所有参与这次讨论的伦理学家的赞同.     

Strategic positioning. Part 2: Positioning challenges in an evolving health care marketplace

Why is strategic positioning so important to health care organizations struggling in a managed care environment and what are the sources of value? In Part 1 of this article, entitled "The Sources of Value under Managed Care," the authors presented four sources of value relative to the evolution of the market from fee-for-service to managed care. These value sources are: (1) assets, (2) price/performance, (3) distribution, and, ultimately, (4) capabilities and brand equity. In this article, the authors further elaborate on the sources of value as the market moves beyond the historical fee-for-service position to a managed care marketplace. Part 2 presents the marketing and financial challenges to organizational positioning and performance across the four stages of managed care.