古村人家(英文)

旅游可以带来良好的经济效益,也可使山村群众的思想观念发生转变。李家山村是一个风景如画的村子,一个正在被现代"文明"逐渐渗透的村子。村里人纷纷去城里寻梦,城里人却喜欢来村里体验他们的生活。马荣花一家,正在适应着这种大背景下发生的变化。     

LEADERSHIP BY EXAMPLE IN THE WEAK‐LINK GAME

We investigate the effects of leadership in a four‐player weak‐link game. A weak‐link game is a coordination game with multiple Pareto‐ranked Nash equilibria. Because the more efficient equilibria involve a degree of strategic uncertainty groups typically find it difficult to coordinate on more efficient equilibria. We wanted to see whether leadership by example, in the form of one player acting publicly before the rest of the group, could help groups do better. Our results suggest that leadership can increase efficiency but is far from being a guarantee of success. Specifically, in a significant number of groups we observed successful leadership and increased efficiency, but in most groups efficiency was low despite the efforts of leaders. We did not find any difference between voluntary leaders and leaders that are randomly assigned. (JEL C72, H41)     

Social Programme Evaluation in the USA: Trends and Issues

Correspondence to Edward Allan Brawley, Professor of Social Work, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology, 211 Oswald Tower, University Park, Pennylvania, 16802 USA. Summary This paper reviews the emergence of social programme evaluationas an important and frequently controversial topic in the UnitedStates during the last three decades. Political, practical,epistemological, and ethical Issues involved in the evaluationof social service programmes are discussed, as well as the strengthsand shortcomings of a range of specific evaluative approachesand techniques. Current trends towards evaluation strategiesthat take greater account of the special attributes of the socialservices and social work practice and that produce informationthat is more useful to policy-makers, programme administra torsand social work practitioners than has been true in the pastare identified. Some cautionary remarks are included about thedangers of overemphasizing ‘hard’ quantitative methodologies,goal attainment, and efficiency at the expense of alternativeapproaches that can produce other and sometimes more appropriateindicators of programme perform ance and results. This paper examines the evolution over three decades in theUnited States of efforts to evaluate social programmes, socialservices and social work practice. Some lessons that can bedrawn from the failures and successes of this experience aresuggested and the strengths and weaknesses of various evaluativestrategies and techniques are discussed.     

A POSITIVE THEORY OF DISCRETIONARY POLICY, THE COST OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT AND THE BENEFITS OF A CONSTITUTION

We offer an explanation of government's preference for discretionary policy action. The main elements are asymmetric information and the ability and desire of governments to maximize reelection prospects. Discretionary policy imposes a social cost. We show that the cost is eliminated if all voters have the same information as the government. An optimal, state contingent policy rule that precommits government through a constitution eliminates the cost by removing government's opportunities to exploit its informational advantage. Rules of this kind, and constitutional restrictions, are difficult to enforce in the presence of uncertainty and different information available to government and the public.     

ESTIMATING COMMUNITY STANDARDS: THE USE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE EVIDENCE IN AN OBSCENITY PROSECUTION

Elements of the legal test for obscenity of sexually explicitmaterial indicted in a criminal case are examined. A cross-sectionof residents of Mecklenburg County (Charlotte, NC) were randomlyassigned to view either one of the sexually explicit films andthe sexually explicit magazine charged in the criminal case,or a control film. Before and after the viewing, residents judgedthe materials' appeal to a prurient interest (a shameful, morbid,unhealthy interest in sex) and patent offen siveness (communitytolerance for such material). The results indicated that therespondents felt that the films and magazine did not appealto a shameful, morbid, or unhealthy interest in sex, nor didthey perceive these materials as going beyond the level of toleranceregarding depictions of sexual conduct for the average adultin that community. A lower percentage of subjects thought thecommunity tolerated the materials they had just viewed thanwhen they were asked to report on what they personally tolerated.Fewer people felt the films appealed to a shameful, morbid,or unhealthy interest in sex after they had an opportunity tosee them than before viewing. The advantages of providing jurorsin obscenity cases with information about community standardsbased on summations of personal tolerance for materials actuallycharged in these cases, rather than hypothetical judgments aboutthe community and obscenity, is discussed.     

TRANSACTION COST, TWO-PART TARIFFS, AND COLLUSION

When two goods exhibit demand complementarity, the sellers would generally charge lower prices under collusion than under rivalry–a cartel internalizes cross effects that independent firms ignore. For the particular case of "two-part" tariffs consisting of entrance fees and per-unit prices, this paper shows that entrance fees are indeed lower under collusion than under rivalry, but that per-unit prices are unaffected. The demand complementarity arises from transaction costs borne by consumers who enter the market. The policy implication is that collusion can be socially preferable to competition in the presence of such transaction costs.     

The stocks and flows of Canadian census farm operators, 1966-7*

Les exploitants agricoles lors du recensement de 1966 et qui exerçaient toujours cette activité en 1976 sont communément appelés le groupe de base de tous les exploitants agricoles, par le recensement du Canada. Ils ne représentaient que 31 pour cent de tous les exploitants agricoles recensés qui sont entrés, sortis ou sont demeurés dans l'agriculture au cours de la période (total des exploitants agricoles). En fait, 45 pour cent de tous les exploitants agricoles recensés au Canada avaient quitté cette profession en 1976 tandis que 24 pour cent y sont entrés depuis 1966. Ces chiffres ténoignent des entrées et sorties importantes qui se produisent dans le secteur agricole. On a évalué ces entrées et sorties dans le cadre des activités agricoles ‘à temps partiel’ et ‘de loisir’ lorsque ces der-nières représentaient un moyen d'entrer et de sortir de l'agriculture à plein temps; on a conclu que cela ne constituait pas un facteur important à cet égard. On pense plutôt que le mombre de jours de travail hors ferme et la valeur totale du capital agricole constituent des facteurs beaucoup plus marqués pour ce qui est de l'entrée et de la sortie. L'article discute brièvement des implications analytiques et empiriques de ces résultats pour les reherches à venir. Census farm operators who were continuous farmers in the 1966 to 1976 period constituted only 31 per cent of all Canadian census farm operators who had entered, exited from or stayed in agriculture during the period. Indeed, 56 per cent of the total number of 1966 Canadian census farm operators had departed by 1976 while 44 per cent of 1976 operators had entered since 1966 (Table II). These parameters point out the sizeable ‘flow’ parameters into and out of the occupation of ‘farming.’ These ‘entry’ and ‘exit’ parameters are discussed in the context of the extent to which ‘part-time’ farming constitutes a mode of facilitation for entry into and exit from agriculture. It is concluded that off-farm work is a significant and important facilitator of entry and exit into part-time agricultural production. We argue it is a significant but relatively unimportant facilitator of entry and exit into full-time commercial agricultural production. Total value of farm capital invested is rather more important as a determinant of entry and exit into commercial agricultural production. The analytical and empirical implications of these findings for agricultural labour markets in highly industrialized settings are discussed.     

Sense of control over life circumstances: changing patterns for French and English Canadians*

Cet article examine l'hypothèse selon laquelle le sentiment, chez les Canadiens-français, que leur vie, tant actuelle que future, est gérée par des forces extérieures, atteint un niveau plus élevé que chez les Canadiens de langue anglaise. Basés sur un échantillonage d'une étude nationale qui remonte à 1977, les résultats obtenus n'appuyent cette hypothèse que dans une dimension sur six. Cette dimension touche au vécu du répondant qui, dûà des circonstances imprévues, s'est vu obligé de modifier ses projets. Quant aux autres dimensions, les francophones sont plus aptes que leurs confrères à planifier leur avenir et plus optimistes quant à la réalisation de leurs projets. Ils sont plus aptes également à qualifier leur vie d“active‘ plutôt que de ‘passive.’ Le sentiment de mener leur vie comme ils l'entendent est au même niveau à peu près dans les deux groupes, et tous les deux se voient dans leur stituation actuelle comme ‘capables’ plutôt que ‘faibles.’ La possibilité que ces résultats reflètent les changements survenus récemment dans l'opinion publique de la société québécoise moderne est discutée brièvement. This paper tests the hypothesis that French Canadians more often perceive their present and future lives as controlled by external forces than do English Canadians. Based on a national sample survey conducted in 1977, results suggest support for the hypothesis on only one of six measures of perceived control. This item concerns the respondent's actual experience of having to change plans due to unforeseen circumstances. On the other items the French are more likely to favour planning for the future and more optimistic that future plans will eventually work out. The French are also somewhat more likely to characterize their lives as ‘active’ rather than ‘passive.’ The two groups are about equally likely to believe that they can run their lives the way they want and to see their present lives as ‘capable’ rather than ‘helpless.’ The possibility that these findings parallel recent changes in the climate of opinion of modern Quebec society is briefly discussed.