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51.
Elżbieta Korolczuk 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2014,25(4):949-967
This paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion concerning factors determining the development of civil society in a post-state socialist context. It examines the financial mechanisms designed to promote civic engagement in Poland, including EU grants and the so-called ‘percentage law’ that allows citizens to support NGOs of their choice with 1 % of their taxes. A detailed analysis of these mechanisms demonstrates that they are advantageous for some types of non-governmental organizations and not for others. Instead of enhancing the situation of the whole sector, they tend to support NGOs that already have substantial resources and hold a strong position vis-à-vis the state. Moreover, organizations and groups fighting for issues considered to be controversial—such as women’s NGOs advocating for the right to abortion or criticizing authorities for their lack of concern when it comes to violence against women—have limited chances to gain financial support from both the state and those sources that are independent from the state. This shows how seemingly gender-neutral institutional arrangements may bring gendered results. The following analysis is based on available statistics (several reports provided by the Klon-Jawor Association, Social Diagnosis Reports from 2007 and 2011) and qualitative data (semi-structured interviews and discourse analysis of the Polish media). 相似文献
52.
A major postulate of this paper is that education is a subordinate component in a larger system of societies’ development. This means that any educational policy for any country should stem from a long‐term strategy to support this aim. The main focus of the study that this paper is based on is to develop a theoretical framework that identifies an educational model which would support endogenous development at the local community level. This framework is ‘indigenous community‐based education’. It is analysed in terms of its indigenous features and sharing applications, with reference to actual experiences of communities who have undertaken this type of programme. 相似文献
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55.
Mary L. Plummer Mustafa Kudrati Nassrin Dafalla El Hag Yousif 《Children and youth services review》2007,29(12):1520-1536
Understanding why some children work on the streets while others live there, and how causal factors differ by gender, is important in developing effective services for them. This study examined these questions in Sudan using participant observation, qualitative interviews, and surveys of working boys (n = 1025), working girls (n = 192), street boys (n = 397), and street girls (n = 35). Street children were less likely than working children to have local families (66% and 77%, p < 0.001), and more likely to have experienced some prior hardships, e.g. a mother's death (17% and 10%, p < 0.001), or coming from the war-torn south (30% and 10%, p < 0.001). 70% of street children and 10% of working children had abused (i.e. sniffed and sucked) glue (p < 0.001); initiating glue abuse often coincided with a transition from working to living on the streets. Within groups, conditions ‘pushing’ girls to street life were often harsher than for boys. For working girls, these included death of both parents (10% and 3%, p < 0.001), and/or insufficient food at home (59% and 43%, p < 0.001). For street girls, they included having a homeless family (23% and 9%, p = 0.019), and/or insufficient food at home (63% and 40%, p = 0.008), but street girls also more often reported boredom at home (80% and 48%, p < 0.001). Services should be tailored to the particular needs of each group by gender, including community-based prevention, street-based health and safety interventions, and street child counseling and re-integration programs. 相似文献
56.
Samir Qouta Raija-Leena Punamäki Eyad El Sarraj 《Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless》1997,6(3):203-211
The research examines the immediate effects of losing one’s home and witnessing the demolition of others houses on the mental
health of Palestinian adults and children. The loss group consisted of 47 adults whose homes were demolished, the witness
group of 24 adults who witnessed the house demolition, and the control group of 33 adults. The groups were compared for their
anxiety, depression, and paranoiac symptoms. In addition, 38 children in the loss group, 36 children in the witness group,
and 50 children in the control group were compared for their psychological symptoms. The results showed that adults who were
exposed to house demolition showed a higher level of anxiety, depression, and paranoiac symptoms than the witness and control
groups. The children in the loss group showed a higher level of psychological symptoms than the children in the witness and
control groups. The witness group differed from the control group in having more depression among women and from anxiety,
depression, and paranoiac symptoms than men in the loss and witness groups but not in the control group. 相似文献
57.
Mohammed Mohammed El Genidy 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2017,46(16):7969-7975
Since many years scientists have carried out researches about bird migration, but due to the large number of bird types estimated at around 10,000 in the world, it is not easy to predict the maximum number of migratory bird types through limited number of migration years. In this study, a multiple non linear regression model of maximum number probability function of migratory bird types has been obtained and can be used in the prediction of the maximum number of migratory bird types during any migration years. 相似文献
58.
Urban Ecosystems - The increasing availability of remote sensing materials of varying spatial resolution inclines to look for methods enabling their use, both at planning the spatial structure of... 相似文献
59.
Testing for equality of competing risks based on their cumulative incidence functions (CIFs) or their cause specific hazard
rates (CSHRs) has been considered by many authors. The finite sample distributions of the existing test statistics are in
general complicated and the use of their asymptotic distributions can lead to conservative tests. In this paper we show how
to perform some of these tests using the conditional distributions of their corresponding test statistics instead (conditional
on the observed data). The resulting conditional tests are initially developed for the case of k = 2 and are then extended to k > 2 by performing a sequence of two sample tests and by combining several risks into one. A simulation study to compare
the powers of several tests based on their conditional and asymptotic distributions shows that using conditional tests leads
to a gain in power. A real life example is also discussed to show how to implement such conditional tests. 相似文献
60.
Recent studies showed that self-employment impacts individual happiness either positively or negatively. Rather than considering the happiness effects at the individual level, we assess whether self-employment effects spread and impact the domestic happiness beyond the involved individuals. We distinguish a direct effect of self-employment on life satisfaction and an indirect effect through the impact of self-employment on per capita income and the subsequent impact of income on life satisfaction. Using panel data analysis for 15 OECD countries over a period of 18 years, we investigate empirically whether countries with higher levels of self-employment are happier, by disentangling the two previously mentioned effects. We remedy the potential endogeneity problem when estimating the indirect effect by instrumenting the self-employment rate. The main finding is a significant and negative direct effect which is larger in magnitude than the indirect effect, resulting in an overall negative effect of self-employment on the domestic happiness. 相似文献