Expression and ambivalence over expression of negative emotion: cross-sectional associations with psychosocial factors and health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women

Inhibition of emotional expression has been associated with the incidence and progression of breast cancer and other chronic illnesses. The important health-related factor, however, may be ambivalence about the expression of emotions rather than repression itself. This cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 159,557 participants in the Women's Health Initiative examined the influence of expression of negative emotion and ambivalence about expression of emotion on psychosocial factors and health-related quality of life measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-form 36 (SF-36). Overall, observed correlations were modest but in the expected direction; that is, greater ambivalence about negative emotional expression was associated with worse general health and poorer psychosocial risk profile. Ambivalence about expressing negative emotion was more highly correlated with psychosocial factors and health-related quality of life than emotional expression. In general, our analysis supports prior studies suggesting that ambivalence may be more important to consider in studies of health-related outcomes than expression.     

互联网使用与农村正规信贷约束缓解效应——以陕西915户农户调查数据为例

互联网信息技术的发展对农村金融体系产生了深刻影响,为解决农村信贷难题迎来新机遇。基于陕西915份农户调查数据,综合运用Probit、Heckman两阶段和中介效应模型,深入分析互联网使用对农村家庭正规信贷约束的影响及存在问题,并探讨其作用机制。研究结果表明：互联网使用能够有效降低正规信贷约束的发生概率,并且对农村“长尾群体”正规信贷约束的缓解作用更强,但“精英俘获”现象仍然明显。进一步研究发现,信息约束、金融知识水平和家庭非农收入均在互联网使用缓解家庭正规信贷约束中存在部分中介作用。因此,应当拓展互联网信息技术的应用广度和深度,着重提高农村地区特别是农村弱势群体的互联网普及和普惠金融教育。     

高校全面从严治党“四责协同”运行机制研究

全面从严治党“四责协同”机制是指党委主体责任、纪委监督责任、党委书记第一责任、班子成员“一岗双责”的合力体系。高校全面从严治党“四责协同”机制以全面从严治党“四责协同”机制的“责任共同体”本意为切入点,深入分析高校全面从严治党“四责协同”的现状,构建高校全面从严治党“四责协同”的有效运行机制,从而持续并推动高校事业健康快速发展。     

A photovoice study of older adults' conceptualizations of risk

Risk is a multifaceted and complex concept that mediates quality of life through the balance between risk taking and risk avoidance. Society expects older adults to identify and manage their personal risks yet little is known about the meaning of risk in their daily lives and how they balance the tensions between taking and avoiding risks. Therefore the purpose of this study was to explore how older adults construe risk. A qualitative exploratory study that incorporated photovoice methodology was used. Seventeen older adults, over a weeklong period, took pictures and kept a log of the places, spaces, events, activities, or situations that best represented risk. Subsequently, they participated in a follow-up individual interview. Older adults viewed risk both positively and negatively, judging the saliency of a risk according to criteria that related both to the risk itself and to personal characteristics. Although risk was avoided in specific situations, risk taking was participants' primary approach to risk, which assumed three forms: adaptive, opportunistic, and/or unjustifiable. Contrary to societal views, older adults view risk as constructive and personally relevant, and as something to be taken and need to be supported in risk taking rather than risk avoidance.     

Co‐located Nonprofit Centers

Nonprofit centers are organized to house individual nonprofits “under one roof” to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness and to offer shared services to diminish administrative load. This post‐occupancy tenant satisfaction survey of three such US centers represents the first empirical analysis of such organizations. We find that nonprofit tenants (N = 118) initially co‐located due to the leasing price and the new physical environment (free parking and safety). Nearly all nonprofit tenants wished to remain at their nonprofit centers, largely for the same reasons that brought them there. The article then discusses strategies to achieve the high response rates attained in this study. It concludes with some implications for nonprofit centers, communities, and nonprofit staff—now and in the future, including lower occupancy costs and enhanced quality of nonprofits’ workspace.     

澳大利亚离婚家庭子女经济支持政策及其影响

澳大利亚每年的离婚人口数量较高,涉及未成年子女的离婚数量占到将近一半,每年有超过40 000名18岁以下未成年子女正在承受着家庭离散之苦。与情感方面相比,经济上的变故给离婚家庭未成年子女带来更大的冲击。根据对澳大利亚离婚家庭的家庭收入、房屋拥有率、租房费用、资产总量以及经济压力这几个指标进行对比和分析,发现离婚对澳大利亚家庭经济水平具有严重负面影响,是导致澳大利亚离婚家庭子女福利降低的根源。随着离婚家庭经济水平的降低,澳大利亚离婚家庭的儿童保育费用下降、儿童教育支出减少、子女发展受到明显抑制。为此,澳大利亚不断完善相关法律法规,采取了诸多政策措施,在改善离婚家庭子女福利上积累了丰富的经验,取得了巨大成效,具体措施包括明确财产和抚养费分配的原则、优先考虑儿童最大利益、制定"儿童抚养计划"等。随着中国离婚程序的简化,中国离婚率已经从1984年的0.39%升至2018年的3.2%,超过了英、法、韩、日等国家。中国受离婚影响的未成年子女数量也随之不断增长,他们正承受着离婚带来的巨大的精神和物质压力。澳大利亚对离婚家庭子女的支持政策值得我国借鉴,建议我国以"儿童最大利益优先原则"确定抚养人,合理...     

我国碳排放权交易处罚规则与履约风险规制路径

统一全国碳排放权交易市场以后，我国制定了《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例（征求意见稿）》，处罚规则和法律责任的规定是预防和规制控排企业因主观意愿拒不履行约定碳减排目标的风险。现行的罚则设计在处罚限度的规定中过于笼统，在权衡法定惩罚标准、违约成本以及履约风险预防水平三者的关系中尚存完善空间。同时，在全国碳市场运行的初期，有效的激励机制可以与适当的处罚规则形成协同效应，但在现有的制度中并未体现。在履约风险的规制路径中，对于因控排企业责任进行的处罚应当明确执法主体自由裁量权的行使尺度，从理论上对倍率式罚款数额作为违法利益追缴的限度予以证成，在实施细则的设计中引入阶梯式处罚标准和逾期不缴的加罚规则，对碳排放权交易过程中重点排放企业的履约风险进行有效规制，加快推进我国《碳排放权交易管理条例》的出台。     

浅析情景模拟法在大学英语阅读教学中的应用

在大学英语阅读教学中实施情景模拟法的关键在于教师对此方法精神的领会和运用。这种方法不仅能培养学生在仿真的实践中运用语言的能力,而且可以提高学生在应试中处理有关阅读题目的能力。情景模拟法在大学英语阅读教学中将会得到广泛应用。     

Reducing the cultural divide among U.S. and Mexican students through application of the contact hypothesis

Mexico and the U.S. are closely associated by commerce, culture and family ties. Despite the geographical proximity and the long-standing socio-political history between the two countries, there is limited understanding of cultural differences and similarities. A unique study abroad programme for U.S. and Mexican students was developed based on the contact hypothesis for reducing prejudice and creating stronger intergroup relationships. Students were recruited from a Mexican and a U.S. university for this project. Based on key principles inherent in intercultural education, students were provided with lectures, group projects and opportunities for shared living. They were merged for cultural experiences both in the U.S. and Mexico, including a three-week service learning project in two impoverished Mexican communities. Participants gained practical language skills and a more comprehensive understanding of Mexican migration. The programme also helped reduce cultural stereotypes and demonstrated the benefits of working toward collective goals. Shared experiences for students from diverse cultures hold promise for creating meaningful social integration and fostering international partnerships opportunities for higher education institutions.     

Defending Motherhood: Morality,Responsibility, and Double Binds in Feeding Children

The ideology of intensive mothering sets a high bar and is framed against the specter of the “bad” mother. Poor mothers and mothers of color are especially at risk of being labeled bad mothers. Drawing on 138 in‐depth interviews and ethnographic observations, this study analyzes the discursive and interpersonal strategies poor mothers use to make sense of and defend their feeding and children's body sizes. Food beliefs and practices reflect and reinforce social inequalities and thus represent an exemplary case in which to examine intensive mothering, its ties to growing inequality, and how individuals are called to account for it. Findings demonstrate intersecting inequalities, meanings, and contradictions in mothers' accounts of meeting intensive mothering expectations around feeding, health, and weight. In light of moral framings around feeding and weight, mothers' experiences of surveillance, and the double binds they encounter in feeding children, mothers practice what the authors term defensive mothering.