Of Disciplined Minds and Disciplined Bodies: On Becoming an Ecologist

Phenomenologically speaking, the body is the hinge between the sociomaterial world and individual knowing. To illustrate the importance of this hinge in the making of ecologists, we draw on a two-year ethnographic project among field ecologists. Our study shows that becoming an ecologist involves not just the acquisition of skills and conceptual knowledge or just enculturation to a set of practices, such as occurs in university schooling, but also a disciplining of both mind and body, deriving from the physicality of engaging in the fieldwork itself. Becoming an ecologist therefore involves a disciplining that mingles the mental and the physical.     

工会会员身份对农民工工资率的影响——基于代际差异的视角

本文采用2013年和2016年广东省佛山市南海区“雇主—雇员”匹配数据库,利用倾向得分匹配和工具变量等估计方法,实证检验了工会会员身份对农民工工资率的影响及其在两代农民工之间的差异,并进行了影响机制的探索和分析。研究发现,将工会会员身份的工资溢价效应分解为覆盖效应和会员效应后,覆盖效应的影响难以发挥,而会员效应的影响则存在代际差异,其只在新生代农民工中显著,而在第一代农民工中不显著。进一步研究发现,覆盖效应难以发挥主要是由于工会未能有效地开展集体协商,会员效应存在代际差异则是源于两代农民工不同的需求层次所导致的入会行为导向的不同。本文研究,有利于企业工会着力解决农民工的工资问题,建立农民工工资的长效增长机制,同时为企业构建和谐劳动关系以及实施多元化的人力资源管理策略等提供参考和借鉴。     

Effect of Perceived Crisis Response on Consumers' Behavioral Intentions During a Company Scandal – An Intercultural Perspective

In the context of a multi-national company scandal, namely Volkswagen's Dieselgate, we examine the effect of customers' perception of organizational crisis response on their revenge and avoidance intentions in different cultural settings. Using data collected in the US and in Germany, we are able to show that the perception of appropriate crisis response reduces customers' revenge as well as avoidance intentions. However, due to the domestic bias of German respondents, the mechanism linking perception of the organization's crisis response to the respective outcomes differs between Germany and the US. Our results demonstrate for the first time that domestic bias is not always associated with being an amplifier of positive factors; rather, in the context of an organizational scandal, it dampens the effects of organizational crisis response.     

市场导向内涵与执行随企业成长阶段演变的规律——基于中兴通讯的案例研究

基于中兴通讯在竞争激烈的通信设备行业不断克服管理危机从跟随者成长为全球领先者的案例,从动态角度探讨了市场导向内涵及其执行随企业成长阶段演变的规律。研究结论如下:①随着企业成长阶段的变化,市场导向内涵从市场创新与模仿竞争者导向的市场驱动理念向顾客与竞争平衡导向的驱动市场理念转变;②执行市场导向的组织变革特征受企业不同发展阶段管理危机的影响,而在集权与分权、自主与协调间反复,但组织成熟度呈螺旋式上升;③顾客后向影响供应商的主动创新特征使市场导向内涵中的市场驱动理念包括适应市场和"OEM"协作,驱动市场理念包括引导市场和"共生互动"的内容;④市场不确定性对企业市场导向执行结果产生影响,这也解释了同一行业内企业市场导向与经营绩效之间并非简单的线性关系。     

THE RISING COST OF TIME OF FEMALES, THE GROWTH OF NATIONAL BRANDS AND THE SUPPLY OF RETAIL SERVICES

A rise in the relative cost of time of women has increased the demand for brand names and reduced the demand for information traditionally supplied by retailers. A theory of the optimal allocation of shopping responsibilities in a two-earner household shows that a rise in the woman's wage increases the demand for brand names by more than an increase in the man's wage. An increase in the relative earnings of women is related to a rise in male shopping, the growth of trademark filings, an increase in manufacturer advertising, and a reduction in retail personal services in several industries.     

Risk Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes: Impact of Individual Cell Variability on the Exposure Assessment Step

Recently, the lag phase research in predictive microbiology is focusing more on the individual cell variability, especially for pathogenic microorganisms that typically occur in very low contamination levels, like Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, the effect of this individual cell lag phase variability was introduced in an exposure assessment study for L. monocytogenes in a liver paté. A basic framework was designed to estimate the contamination level of paté at the time of consumption, taking into account the frequency of contamination and the initial contamination levels of paté at retail. Growth was calculated on paté units of 150 g, comparing an individual-based approach with a classical population-based approach. The two different protocols were compared using simulations. If only the individual cell lag variability was taken into account, important differences were observed in cell density at the time of consumption between the individual-based approach and the classical approach, especially at low inoculum levels, resulting in high variability when using the individual-based approach. Although, when all variable factors were taken into account, no significant differences were observed between the different approaches, allowing the conclusion that the individual cell lag phase variability was overruled by the global variability of the exposure assessment framework. Even in more extreme conditions like a low inoculum level or a low water activity, no differences were created in cell density at the time of consumption between the individual-based approach and the classical approach. This means that the individual cell lag phase variability of L. monocytogenes has important consequences when studying specific growth cases, especially when the applied inoculum levels are low, but when performing more general exposure assessment studies, the variability between the individual cell lag phases is too limited to have a major impact on the total exposure assessment.     

Organizational Slack and Corporate Greening: Broadening the Debate

Organizational slack seems to have an ambiguous relationship with corporate greening. On the one hand, excess resources can be used to experiment with new environmental innovations, or potential green market segments. On the other, excess resources can be used to build corporate buffers against pressures for environmental improvement, such as large corporate environmental departments or environmental lobbying activity, and resist changes to the core of the organization. This paper begins to resolve these conflicting arguments by broadening the debate on organizational slack and corporate greening. It builds on recent empirical studies of slack and corporate greening, and recognizes the many potential roles that different types of slack may play in a dynamic decision–making context. Using a theoretical framework suggested by Bourgeois (1981), the paper systematizes and draws lessons from examples of the roles of slack encountered in a recent series of 35 interviews within UK public limited companies. It concludes that future treatments of slack and environmental management should incorporate a more holistic view of slack, which recognizes its dynamic, complex and often contradictory effects on decision–making in organizations.     

Common ground: cultural action as a route to community development

Cultural action has been used to promote community developmentfor at least thirty years in the UK, often with good results.During that period, the theories, values, and approaches ofprofessionals have varied and evolved, but there has been anoticeable shift in focus – particularly in cultural policy– from collective to individual outcomes, in line withthe growing individualization of policy since the 1980s. Yetthe potential of cultural action to bring people together andto build a foundation for lasting community development workremains important. This article considers the processes by whicharts-based community projects can lead to the development ofboth informal and formal collective organization, and theirpotential in empowerment. Central to this process, it is argued,is culture's focus on people's strengths and interests, ratherthan on externally defined problems. The paper draws on twocontrasting examples to demonstrate the continuing importanceof cultural action in very different social and economic situations:the author's research into voluntary arts development in ruralEngland and Wales, and his experience of community culturalprojects in south-east Europe.