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111.
Frank Nestmann 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2005,36(4):443-469
Pets are not only family members. For a lot of people in all stages of life cycle, pets are important sources of support. They are able to contribute to our health as well as to buffer stress and illness in our lives. The may be seen as important agents of socialisation and development of children and as friendly companions of the elderly. The article reviews the state of knowledge in positive aspects of human animal bonds and develops a bio-psycho-social panorama of effects. 相似文献
112.
In this study, seventy-four adolescents in either a school, community or hospital based drug intervention program received and eight to nine week structured fitness activity class as an integrated element of their respective prevention or treatment program. Prepost assessments indicated significant gains in the field fitness tests of one mile run, 1 minute situp, 1 minute pushup, percent fat and flexibility for the total sample. Based upon prepost change on the one mile run time (less than 1:00) subjects were categorized as improvers (n = 38) and non-improvers (n = 36). Improvers demonstrated a significant increase in the self concept risk factor (Piers Harris Self Concept Scale) and a significant decrease in anxiety and depression risk factors (General Well-Being Scale) compared to the non-improvers. At posttest, the improvers self reported substance use patterns were significantly lower compared to the non-improvers for percentage of the sample who were multiple drug users and alcohol uses per week and were significantly higher for the percentage of the sample demonstrating total abstinence. These findings are suggestive of the usefulness of physical training as a supplemental intervention for adolescent substance abusers. 相似文献
113.
Brian Karl Finch Reanne Frank William A. Vega 《The International migration review》2004,38(1):236-262
Utilizing a cluster sampling design to maximize representativeness, we look at the health effects of acculturation and acculturation stressors among 1,001 adult migrant farmworkers in Fresno, California. Using self‐ratings of mental and physical health as well as the CES‐D depression scale, we find that the amount of time one spends in the United States, the level of English‐language usage, as well as the intensity of acculturation stresses that one reports, are all related to declines in health. In addition, acculturation stress has more deleterious effects on self‐rated health (both physical and mental) among the more highly acculturated. 相似文献
114.
Social scientists are rarely able to gather data from the full range of contexts to which they hope to generalize ( Shadish, Cook, and Campbell 2002 ). Here we suggest that debates about the generality of causal inferences in the social sciences can be informed by quantifying the conditions necessary to invalidate an inference. We begin by differentiating the target population into two subpopulations: a potentially observed subpopulation from which all of a sample is drawn and a potentially unobserved subpopulation from which no members of the sample are drawn but which is part of the population to which policymakers seek to generalize. We then quantify the robustness of an inference in terms of the conditions necessary to invalidate an inference if cases from the potentially unobserved subpopulation were included in the sample. We apply the indices to inferences regarding the positive effect of small classes on achievement from the Tennessee class size study and then consider the breadth of external validity. We use the statistical test for whether there is a difference in effects between two subpopulations as a baseline to evaluate robustness, and we consider a Bayesian motivation for the indices and compare the use of the indices with other procedures. In the discussion we emphasize the value of quantifying robustness, consider the value of different quantitative thresholds, and conclude by extending a metaphor linking statistical and causal inferences. 相似文献
115.
A Model of Choice for Public Policy 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Punctuated equilibrium is supposed to be a viable alternativeto incrementalism, and, indeed, the authors of the model havesometimes made such claims. But punctuated equilibrium was developedto explain change in policy subsystems and does not serve asa complete model of policy choice in the same way that incrementalismhas served. This article develops a full-blown and viable modelof choice for public policy based on disproportionate informationprocessing. Its dynamics are based in the allocation of politicalattention to policy topics and the manner in which politicalsystems process information. The model leads directly to outcomesthat are consistent with punctuated equilibrium and are notgenerally consistent with incrementalism. Incrementalism, however,may be deduced from the model as a special case. The model isbest tested using stochastic process approaches. Incrementalismlogically must yield a normal distribution of outcomes, butdisproportionate information processing yields leptokurtic outcomes.Adding institutional constraints only makes the stochastic processimplications more severe. To support our arguments, we presentboth static and dynamic simulations of these processes. We alsoshow that these simulations are consistent with observationsof U.S. government budgets. 相似文献
116.
Frank Dobbin 《Sociological Forum》2006,21(4):709-713
117.
118.
In an effort to raise salaries in professional football, the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) has demanded that NFL owners set aside 55 percent of gross revenues to fund a union wage scale. An alternative means of raising salaries, as evidenced by the relatively higher earnings in major league baseball and professional basketball, is through a free agent system wherein players are free to sell themselves in the open market. This paper examines the NFLPA’s claim that free agency will not work in the NFL because owners lack the financial incentive to win that would induce them to bid on free agents. 相似文献
119.
120.
Goffman's (1963) theory of stigma holds that rejection by "normals" leads people with disabilities to adopt practices that help them to pass as normal or cover the immediate impact of their physical difference. However, such an attempt to mitigate the effects of stigma does not characterize the life histories of three adults with severe multiple congenital limb deficiences described in this paper. For them, self-display, within the context of American culture in the 1980s, is a strategy for self-empowerment in which the primary focus is the experience of the person with disabilities rather than the reactions of people who are "normal." Their adaptations suggest some limitations to the applicability of Goffman's theory in a changing social context. 相似文献