What makes leadership,leadership? Using self-expansion theory to integrate traditional and contemporary approaches

Numerous traditional theories and paradigms of leadership purport to describe what leadership is. It is difficult to reconcile these traditional approaches, however, if each one alone, independent of the others, is viewed as capturing the actual identity of leadership. In this article, we take an integrative view of traditional approaches to leadership. To do so, we first identify some underlying ideas common to them. Next, we explain how these underlying ideas lead us to a fundamental theory about close relationships—that is, self-expansion theory, which refers to a psychological process in which an individual incorporates another into the self (Aron & Aron, 1986). We then review the traditional leadership theories to explore whether these theories may be linked through self-expansion theory and whether self-expansion may help to explain why boundary conditions have been discovered for all of them. In this process, we explore whether traditional approaches to leadership might also be linked with more contemporary approaches through self-expansion theory. Finally, we discuss the implications for future research and professional practice of the integration of traditional approaches to leadership.     

Evaluating the complex interactions between malaria and cholera prevalence,neglected tropical disease comorbidities,and community perception of health risks of climate change

The burgeoning literature on the climate change–human health nexus has focused almost exclusively on the health impacts of climate change with little attention to how ill-health and disease influence public perception of the health risks of climate change. Based on a cross-sectional survey of 1,253 individuals, linear regression was used to examine the independent effects of malaria and cholera prevalence, and neglected tropical disease comorbidities on perceived health risks of climate change. Individuals who reported more comorbidities had higher scores on perceived health risks of climate change compared with those who did not report any comorbidities. Unexpectedly, at the multivariate level, there were no statistically significant relationships between age of respondents, gender, and educational attainment on the one hand, and perceived health risks of climate change on the other hand. Individuals who were diagnosed with cholera in the past 12 months had higher scores on perceived health risks of climate change but there was no relationship between diagnosis with malaria in the past 12 months and perceived health risks. Individuals who had attained secondary education had lower scores on perceived health risks of climate change compared with those without any formal education. Given that this relationship did not exist at the bivariate level, it indicates that biosocial and sociocultural factors suppressed the relationship between secondary education attainment and perceived health risks of climate change. The findings underscore the complex relationship between perceived health risks of climate change and infectious disease, comorbidities, compositional, and contextual factors at the multivariate level.     

Best linear unbiased interpolation of order statistics

We derive the best linear unbiased interpolation for the missing order statistics of a random sample using the well-known projection theorem. The proposed interpolation method only needs the first two moments on both sides of a missing order statistic. A simulation study is performed to compare the proposed method with a few interpolation methods for exponential and Lévy distributions.     

Failure of Muslim Leadership in America From the Perspective of First-Generation Muslim Americans: A Phenomenological Study

While leadership is a foundational component of guidance in most societies, Muslim children born in America to immigrant parents lack such guidance. A qualitative case study was recently conducted with six first-generation Muslim American college students and professionals. The purpose of this study was six-fold: to examine the concept of leadership in Muslim communities in America, to observe perceptions of Muslim leadership in mosques and community centers, to examine the practice and beliefs of Muslims in America, to view the social interaction of Muslim Americans within their community, to view the mentorship and leadership aspects of Muslim Americans in their community and to inspect marital and cultural aspects within those societies. Findings reveal four themes that show that Muslim Americans are subject to role confusion as they go through adolescence and need a leadership role model to assist them through this stage.     

PROJECT IPMA: APPLYING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM DESIGN PRINCIPLES TO BUILDING EXPERT-BASED SYSTEMS*

There currently is no widely accepted design framework for building expert systems. Knowledge engineers describe the process in terms of a set of heuristics or as a series of phases. Most paradigms are based on post-development reflections. This paper explores an expert-based system constructed using decision support system design techniques. An actual system in experimental use at the Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, was designed using the approach presented. The system, Integrated Pest Management Assistant (IPMA), will be used by extension agents to help orchard owners make decisions regarding pear tree pest infestations and to offer remedial strategies for eradicating potentially destructive insects.     

A MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF JUROR DECISIONS*

A logit model approach designed to assign a probability whether prospective jurors will favor the defendant or plaintiff in a case, as a function of perceived individual juror characteristics, is described in the context of a case situation. The model, which has been programmed on a hand-held computer, is designed for implementation in courtroom settings to help defense attorneys evaluate and select jurors in order to minimize the likelihood of large jury awards. Empirical tests of the model are also described.     

不了解客户的十大原因

我赞成客户满意度调查吗?你到一家宾馆,其可以俯视纽约中央公园,每个房间平均700美元一晚。他们要求你回答有35个问题的调查文卷,内容涉及你对服务生、微笑服务、大厅、餐厅、卫生间以及所有你能想到的事情的印象。这个调查还会问你一个非常可笑的问题:“从多大程度上,您认为这是一家豪华宾馆?”事实上,长期以来满意度调查已经成为一种低级笑话。其非但不能让企业了解客户真正的价值趋向,而且这些调查已经成为致使企业完全不理解客户的重要原因。这像是传统的喜剧,有十个主要原因会导致其失去作用。1.问题太多就像前面的宾馆,企业总是堆出一…     

ENROLLMENT FORECASTING: USE OF A MULTIPLE-METHOD MODEL FOR PLANNING AND BUDGETING*

A multiple-method approach is presented for making enrollment projections at the departmental, school, and university level. The various methods utilized are based on the application of a cohort model (macro level) and regression techniques (micro level). The model demonstrates its flexibility in selecting one of a number of regression techniques according to a comparison approach using historical and projected results. This multiple-method approach has proved to be highly accurate and thus useful in allocating and redistributing resources to the operating units of a university. Previous efforts have relied almost solely on a single regression technique for projections and allocation purposes rather than a method based on a measure of flexibility, adaptability, and prediction confirmation.