Evaluating surrogate variables for improving microarray multiple testing inference

The use of surrogate variables has been proposed as a means to capture, for a given observed set of data, sources driving the dependency structure among high-dimensional sets of features and remove the effects of those sources and their potential negative impact on simultaneous inference. In this article we illustrate the potential effects of latent variables on testing dependence and the resulting impact on multiple inference, we briefly review the method of surrogate variable analysis proposed by Leek and Storey (PNAS 2008; 105:18718-18723), and assess that method via simulations intended to mimic the complexity of feature dependence observed in real-world microarray data. The method is also assessed via application to a recent Merck microarray data set. Both simulation and case study results indicate that surrogate variable analysis can offer a viable strategy for tackling the multiple testing dependence problem when the features follow a potentially complex correlation structure, yielding improvements in the variability of false positive rates and increases in power.     

社会主义劳动的基本矛盾

社会主义劳动的矛盾问题是一个十分迫切而经济学家对它又研究得很不够的问题.长期以来,大多数经济学家把社会主义劳动的矛盾同旧社会的"遗毒"或者同社会主义应该加以克服的某些缺点联在一起.当然,不能否认这类矛盾的存在,也不能否认有必要对它们加以研究.但是,这类矛盾并不是社会主义劳动发展的源泉.另一些经济学家认为     

1966-1986年的意识形态

近20年——也就是1966至1986年——一切都在变,都在向不同的方向变,人的形象变得模糊不清,整个世界也在不断发生变化.变化不定成为一种破坏性因素,意识形态和重大的思想体系似乎被运动所取代.从批判的角度看,"空白"时代已经到来.而60年代则首先是以肯定为特点的时代,是产生"结构人"、提出科学性要求并坚信经济主义的时代.与此相协调的是:新的知识中删去了华而不实的东西,技术的地位大大超过政治、经济发展在满足民众需要的同时起到了镇静剂的作用.1968     

20世纪资产阶级社会学和哲学中的天才问题

当今资产阶级社会学者常常把社会政治天才问题同改变世界和防止未来灾难的“拯救”作用联系在一起。社会生活的的天才作用这一概念首先是由经济学家、哲学家和社会学家韦伯提出来的。韦伯的观点是在18—19世纪德国哲学思想中(康德、黑格尔、叔本华、尼采等)天才观的影响下发展起来的,但他的观点在很多方面是独到的。韦伯把自己的这     

美国要为争取外国留学生而战

近年来,越来越多的国家开始认识到,先进的科学技术教育是一种至关重要的经济商品.一些国家,例如新加坡、加拿大和德国,正在寻求一种"技能移民"政策,将才能出众的学生吸引到它们的大学进行深造,然后鼓励他们留下来.另一些国家,例如澳大利亚和新西兰,则主要将吸引外国留学生作为增加收入的一种手段.与此同时,发展中国家,尤其是印度和中国,为了将其最优秀的学生留在国内和提高劳动力的整体教育素质,都在向其大学大量投资.     

Narrative coherence and the trauma experience: an exploratory mixed-method analysis

The current study examines trauma narratives from 28 survivors of interpersonal violence. A mixed-method approach assessed coherence and explored narrative characteristics among differentially exposed groups. The quantitative analysis revealed: (1) exposure to repetitive interpersonal violence was described with greater perception of severity and emotional tone than single interpersonal violence episodes, and (2) exposure to interpersonal violence in childhood was described with greater emotional tone than exposure to interpersonal violence in adulthood. The qualitative analysis revealed: (1) traumatic events were connected to proceeding adverse experiences, (2) attempted avoidance of memories of the violence, (3) an altered view of the self, and (4) lacked recognition that the violence was abnormal. The study supports the "dose-response relationship" of trauma exposure, and the life-altering, transformative nature of trauma exposure.     

农业产业化还是农业生态学:21世纪的挑战

现代农业或农业产业化,取得了令人瞩目的成就,但它是不可持续的,不能在今后的100年继续发展.中国已做好准备发展一种在社会及环境方面都很和谐的农业,即农业生态学.农业生态学的基本需求是:环境上可持续,有益于公正和社会和谐,农业实践在经济上是可行的.可持续农业的发展必须被看成21世纪要给予优先关注的挑战.     

论不朽

不朽问题既是现实人生的终极关注点,也是西方哲学、宗教、神学的核心问题之一。本文立足于过程哲学的基本立场和研究视角,通过指出不朽与必死性的相互关系,强调宇宙本身就是由分别体现这两者的、以多样性和积极创造为特征的“活动世界”和以持续为特征的“价值世界”构成的,系统而概括地论述了不朽与价值、估价、理念、人格同一性乃至与作为对多种人格的统一过程而实际存在的上帝的关系,充分强调不朽的价值世界的功能就在于,通过人格同一性对事实世界的多样性进行调整和协调,从而使宇宙的本质性统一过程能够体现出来;最后,它通过对欧洲哲学和神学传统中由来已久的、关于“独立实存”的抽象预设的批判,强调指出哲学研究根本不能片面追求精确性,从而对作者的过程哲学研究生涯做出了最后的总结。     

网络修辞学：超阅读与批判素养

链接是网络超文本结构中最核心的要素,指的是将一个超文本呈现为有意义的联系的语义网络的基本结构,它包含着一些形形色色的修辞类型,如隐喻、转喻、提喻、夸张、反复、同一、顺序和因果以及词语误用等。与传统文本的阅读或写作依赖于提纲式和三段论的原则不同,网络超文本开放了拼装和并置文本的可能性。网络是庞大和包揽一切的,读者必须学会批判性超阅读。     

Adolescents' attention to traditional and graphic tobacco warning labels: an eye-tracking approach

The objective of this study was determine if the inclusion of Canadian-style graphic images would improve the degree to which adolescents attend to, and subsequently are able to recall, novel warning messages in tobacco magazine advertising. Specifically, our goal was to determine if the inclusion of graphic images would (1) increase visual attention, as measured by eye movement patterns and fixation density, and (2) improve memory for tobacco advertisements among a group of 12 to 14 year olds in the western United States. Data were collected from 32 middle school students using a head-mounted eye-tracking device that recorded viewing time, scan path patterns, fixation locations, and dwell time. Participants viewed a series of 20 magazine advertisements that included five U.S. tobacco ads with traditional Surgeon General warning messages and five U.S. tobacco ads that had been modified to include non-traditional messages and Canadian-style graphic images. Following eye tracking, participants completed unaided- and aided-recall exercises. Overall, the participants spent equal amounts of time viewing the advertisements regardless of the type of warning message. However, the warning messages that included the graphic images generated higher levels of visual attention directed specifically toward the message, based on average dwell time and fixation frequency, and were more likely to be accurately recalled than the traditional warning messages.