中国历史:社会性别分析的一个有用的范畴

本文探讨琼·斯科特的论文<社会性别:一个有效的历史分析范畴>的问世对中国历史研究领域的影响,着力勾勒了社会性别分析范畴在中国大陆和欧美的中国历史研究界相互关联而又截然不同的学术发展轨迹.在英语学术界,斯科特的文章标志着重大的概念上的转变,推动此后的研究走出仅限于对妇女的思考,引向对社会性别的关注;走出男女二元对立的思维模式,而作更广阔的对权力关系的探究.斯科特关于文化符号、规范性概念、政治社会体制和主体性身份的重要性的论述.帮助催生和组织了英美中国历史研究界大多数最有影响的新研究成果.虽然"男女"在历史上作为儒家社会组织伦理的重要组成部分被文人学者广泛论述,而当代中国历史学界对社会性别理论和分析方法的关注则在近年来才出现,社会性别史在中国大陆的发展尚处起步阶段.     

Ethnic Exploration and Consciousness of Difference: Chinese Adoptees in Early Adolescence

Ethnic exploration is one path for children adopted internationally to develop an understanding of how and why they are different from others, and to build personal biographies that bring together adoption, race, and national origin. In this article, we draw on the concept of consciousness of difference to analyze the ethnic explorations of 282 Chinese adopted girls. Where race was salient and positive in daily life, ethnic exploration during early adolescence provided an affirmative way for many of them to normalize the consciousness of being visibly different from family and friends, even though in some ways it also complicated it.     

Social Work Students’ Interest in Working with Persons with Serious Mental Illness

Educating and recruiting practitioners to work in community-based settings with persons with serious mental illness has become a national health issue, particularly in underserved rural areas. To inform curriculum development and recruitment efforts, the authors conducted a needs assessment. Graduate and undergraduate social work students in a rural New England state university were surveyed about their interest, perceived competence, and perceived training needs in working with persons with serious mental illness. The findings indicated that almost half of the students expressed an interest in working with this population. The extent and nature of previous work with this population and educational level were shown to be related to students’ responses, in areas including interest in work with persons with serious mental illness and the perceived ability to handle a psychiatric crisis. The findings suggest important implications for the social work curriculum, additional needs assessment, and recruitment activity.     

ESTIMATING WITHIN-SCHOOL CONTACT NETWORKS TO UNDERSTAND INFLUENZA TRANSMISSION

Many epidemic models approximate social contact behavior by assuming random mixing within mixing groups (e.g., homes, schools, and workplaces). The effect of more realistic social network structure on estimates of epidemic parameters is an open area of exploration. We develop a detailed statistical model to estimate the social contact network within a high school using friendship network data and a survey of contact behavior. Our contact network model includes classroom structure, longer durations of contacts to friends than non-friends and more frequent contacts with friends, based on reports in the contact survey. We performed simulation studies to explore which network structures are relevant to influenza transmission. These studies yield two key findings. First, we found that the friendship network structure important to the transmission process can be adequately represented by a dyad-independent exponential random graph model (ERGM). This means that individual-level sampled data is sufficient to characterize the entire friendship network. Second, we found that contact behavior was adequately represented by a static rather than dynamic contact network. We then compare a targeted antiviral prophylaxis intervention strategy and a grade closure intervention strategy under random mixing and network-based mixing. We find that random mixing overestimates the effect of targeted antiviral prophylaxis on the probability of an epidemic when the probability of transmission in 10 minutes of contact is less than 0.004 and underestimates it when this transmission probability is greater than 0.004. We found the same pattern for the final size of an epidemic, with a threshold transmission probability of 0.005. We also find random mixing overestimates the effect of a grade closure intervention on the probability of an epidemic and final size for all transmission probabilities. Our findings have implications for policy recommendations based on models assuming random mixing, and can inform further development of network-based models.     

Description and evaluation of a nested cube experimental design

An incomplete factorial design based on an extension of the Fawiliar 2^kfactorial called a nested cube is proposed for use in response surface investigationso The simplicity and general efficiency of the nested cube suggest its suitability to many areas of research, especially that repeated at many locations orconductea over a long period. Comparisons to potentially competing designs are provided for bias in response estination due to fitting an ioappropriate model and for profiles of variance. merits of the nested cube are (1) a level of relative bias and variance judged to be favorable though not optimal, (2) an ability to utilize a minimum blag estimator not available to competing designs, and (3) a simplicity associated with use of equal spacing

and nearly equal replication on the margin for each factor level.     

Sexual orientation and sexual health care needs: a comparison of women beneficiaries in outpatient military health care settings

The objectives of this study are to compare the sexual concerns, interest and experiences in discussing these concerns with their doctor for women of "Only Men" and "Some to Only Women" sexual orientation. A survey was mailed to women patients from two military outpatient settings, with 1,196 women responding. Of eligible respondents (N = 1,170), 90% reported "Only Men" and 10% reported "Some to Only Women" sexual orientation. Sexual concerns varied by sexual orientation, while interest and experience in discussing sexual concerns and desire for physicians to initiate the topic differed minimally. Women with "Some to Only Women" sexual orientation have both similar and differing sexual concerns compared to "male-only" oriented women. Larger primary care patient-based studies of sexual health care needs of sexual minorities are needed.     

Determinates of inner city butterfly and bee species richness

Although urbanization is increasing worldwide, relatively few studies have investigated patterns of urban biodiversity outside of city parks and reserves, in urban neighborhoods where people live and work. We evaluated models including local and landscape factors that might influence the bee and butterfly richness of community gardens located within densely populated neighborhoods of the Bronx and East Harlem in New York City (>10,000 people/km²). The gardens were surrounded by buildings and limited amounts of green space (3,600–17,400 building units and 10–32% green space within a 500 m radius). Contrary to our initial prediction that landscape green space might be especially influential in this heavily urbanized setting, the most highly supported models for both bee and butterfly richness (based on Akaike Information Criterion) included just the local, within-garden variables of garden floral area and sunlight availability. There was marginal support for models of bee richness including the number of building units surrounding gardens within a 500 m radius (which exhibited a negative association with bee richness). In addition, perhaps because bees are central place foragers that may nest within or near gardens, supported models of bee species richness also included total garden area, canopy cover, and the presence of wild/unmanaged area in the garden. Generally, our findings indicate that sunlight and floral abundance are the major factors limiting local pollinator diversity in this setting. This suggests that rooftop and other “open” urban habitats might be managed to increase local pollinator diversity, even if seemingly “isolated” within heavily developed neighborhoods.