全文获取类型
收费全文 | 480篇 |
免费 | 17篇 |
专业分类
管理学 | 86篇 |
民族学 | 3篇 |
人口学 | 23篇 |
丛书文集 | 2篇 |
理论方法论 | 73篇 |
综合类 | 5篇 |
社会学 | 256篇 |
统计学 | 49篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 8篇 |
2019年 | 15篇 |
2018年 | 17篇 |
2017年 | 23篇 |
2016年 | 18篇 |
2015年 | 16篇 |
2014年 | 9篇 |
2013年 | 68篇 |
2012年 | 11篇 |
2011年 | 15篇 |
2010年 | 13篇 |
2009年 | 8篇 |
2008年 | 11篇 |
2007年 | 11篇 |
2006年 | 25篇 |
2005年 | 17篇 |
2004年 | 5篇 |
2003年 | 10篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 13篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 12篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有497条查询结果,搜索用时 250 毫秒
211.
Kumanan Wilson Blair Leonard Robert Wright Ian Graham John Moffet Michael Pluscauskas Michael Wilson 《Risk analysis》2006,26(4):981-988
Though use of the controversial precautionary principle in risk management has increasingly been recommended as a guide for the construction of public policy in Canada and elsewhere, there are few data available characterizing its use in risk management by senior public policymakers. Using established survey methodology we sought to investigate the perceptions and terms of application of the precautionary principle in this important subset of individuals. A total of 240 surveys were sent out to seven departments or agencies in the Canadian government. The overall survey response rate was 26.6%, and our findings need to be interpreted in the context of possible responder bias. Of respondents, the overwhelming majority perceived the precautionary principle and the management of risk as complementary, and endorsed a role for the precautionary principle as a general guideline for all risk management decisions. However, 25% of respondents responded that the lack of clarity of the definition of the principle was a limitation to its effective use. The majority of respondents viewed their own level of understanding of the precautionary principle as moderate. Risk managers appeared to favor an interpretation of the precautionary principle that was based on the seriousness and irreversibility of the threat of damage, and did not endorse as strongly the need for cost effectiveness in the measures taken as a precaution against such threats. In contrast with its perceived role as a general guideline, the application of the precautionary principle by respondents was highly variable, with >60% of respondents reporting using the precautionary principle in one-quarter or less of all risk management decisions. Several factors influenced whether the precautionary principle was applied with the perceived seriousness of the threat being considered the most influential factor. The overwhelming majority of risk managers felt that "preponderance of evidence" was the level of evidence required for precautionary action to be instituted against a serious negative event. Overall, the majority of respondents viewed the precautionary principle as having a significant and positive impact on risk management decisions. Importantly, respondents endorsed a net result of more good than harm to society when the precautionary principle was applied to the management of risk. 相似文献
212.
Roderick Graham 《Sociology Compass》2012,6(12):962-973
From a global perspective, the mobile phone is by far the most widely used information and communication technology (ICT). People in both developed and developing nations have found ways to integrate the mobile phone into their daily lives. Despite the ubiquity of the mobile phone, the cultural impact of the mobile phone in and of itself has not been a major topic within the sociology of culture. To this end, there are two goals of this paper. First, three common uses of the mobile phone are presented. To separate cultural practices associated with mobile phones from practices associated with other domains of social life, the term digital practices is used. Second, this paper will discuss the domestication of technology approach, and its applicability to the study of mobile phones. Identifying practices and providing a framework for interpreting these practices can help scholars interested in theorizing and teaching the cultural (as opposed to economic or technological) aspects of mobile telephony. 相似文献
213.
Graham Hepworth 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2019,61(1):51-60
Group testing, in which individuals are pooled together and tested as a group, can be combined with inverse sampling to estimate the prevalence of a disease. Alternatives to the MLE are desirable because of its severe bias. We propose an estimator based on the bias correction method of Firth (1993), which is almost unbiased across the range of prevalences consistent with the group testing design. For equal group sizes, this estimator is shown to be equivalent to that derived by applying the correction method of Burrows (1987), and better than existing methods. For unequal group sizes, the problem has some intractable elements, but under some circumstances our proposed estimator can be found, and we show it to be almost unbiased. Calculation of the bias requires computer‐intensive approximation because of the infinite number of possible outcomes. 相似文献
214.
Childlessness is an increasing trend, internationally and in Australia. The few studies exploring the lived experiences of
childless women have been conducted in America, Canada and the United Kingdom; predominantly during the 1980s and 1990s. The
experiences of childless women in contemporary Australia remain under-researched. This hermeneutic phenomenological study
sought to enhance understanding of the lived experience of being a childless woman in contemporary Australia. In-depth interviews
with five childless women revealed five key themes as significant facets of the experiences of childless women: notions of
‘natural’ and ‘unnatural’; woman = mother; childlessness as a discrediting attribute; feeling undervalued; and the significance
of being childless. By privileging the experiences of childless women in a pronatalist society, it is apparent that misconceptions
and stereotypes about childlessness continue to pervade. This study contributes to understanding this growing population group;
highlighting that while childlessness is increasingly acknowledged, it is still not completely understood. 相似文献
215.
John R. Graham Marion E. Jones Micheal Shier 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2010,19(1):63-72
Graham JR, Jones ME, Shier M. Tipping points: what participants found valuable in labour market training programmes for vulnerable groupsInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 63–72 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. This article is based on face‐to‐face and focus group interviews with 72 people who have experienced ongoing difficulties integrating into Canadian labour markets, and who had completed a labour market training programme. Participants were representative of at least one (and often several) categories that inhibited labour market integration: low socio‐economic status, Aboriginal status, single parenthood, criminal justice history and being disabled. The major finding: respondents associated life skills rather than labour‐market skills with success in overcoming personal barriers to securing and maintaining employment. Life skills involved developing life meaning and interpersonal skills related to personal cognition and behaviours. Valued cognitions identified by participants were gaining a new perspective on life and realising that the past impacts the present. Valued behaviours identified by participants included actions associated with understanding personal characteristics and motivations, and building positive social support and social capital. These insights provide theoretically rich considerations for labour market training programmes and could considerably influence labour market policies and practices, particularly since most training programmes and policies are geared toward human capital (i.e. labour‐market skills) accumulation. 相似文献
216.
Computational models support environmental regulatory activities by providing the regulator an ability to evaluate available knowledge, assess alternative regulations, and provide a framework to assess compliance. But all models face inherent uncertainties because human and natural systems are always more complex and heterogeneous than can be captured in a model. Here, we provide a summary discussion of the activities, findings, and recommendations of the National Research Council's Committee on Regulatory Environmental Models, a committee funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to provide guidance on the use of computational models in the regulatory process. Modeling is a difficult enterprise even outside the potentially adversarial regulatory environment. The demands grow when the regulatory requirements for accountability, transparency, public accessibility, and technical rigor are added to the challenges. Moreover, models cannot be validated (declared true) but instead should be evaluated with regard to their suitability as tools to address a specific question. The committee concluded that these characteristics make evaluation of a regulatory model more complex than simply comparing measurement data with model results. The evaluation also must balance the need for a model to be accurate with the need for a model to be reproducible, transparent, and useful for the regulatory decision at hand. Meeting these needs requires model evaluation to be applied over the "life cycle" of a regulatory model with an approach that includes different forms of peer review, uncertainty analysis, and extrapolation methods than those for nonregulatory models. 相似文献
217.
218.
A need to better understand the multidimensional nature of disadvantage is leading to the adoption of a wider range of measurement
variables. One variable now commonly adopted is zero car ownership. This paper challenges the logic of including ‘not having
a car’ as an indicator of disadvantage. It argues that this can distort the real picture of disadvantage. It presents evidence
to show that zero car ownership can be a positive feature of low income households and that conversely high car ownership
can put significant financial stress on households with low income. 相似文献
219.
Rising oil prices and concerns about energy security and climate change are spurring reconsideration of both automobile propulsion systems and the fuels that supply energy to them. In addition to the gasoline internal combustion engine, recent years have seen alternatives develop in the automotive marketplace. Currently, hybrid‐electric vehicles, advanced diesels, and flex‐fuel vehicles running on a high percentage mixture of ethanol and gasoline (E85) are appearing at auto shows and in driveways. We conduct a rigorous benefit‐cost analysis from both the private and societal perspective of the marginal benefits and costs of each technology—using the conventional gasoline engine as a baseline. The private perspective considers only those factors that influence the decisions of individual consumers, while the societal perspective accounts for environmental, energy, and congestion externalities as well. Our analysis illustrates that both hybrids and diesels show promise for particular light‐duty applications (sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks), but that vehicles running continuously on E85 consistently have greater costs than benefits. The results for diesels were particularly robust over a wide range of sensitivity analyses. The results from the societal analysis are qualitatively similar to the private analysis, demonstrating that the most relevant factors to the benefit‐cost calculations are the factors that drive the individual consumer's decision. We conclude with a brief discussion of marketplace and public policy trends that will both illustrate and influence the relative adoption of these alternative technologies in the United States in the coming decade. 相似文献
220.
Cynthia A. Graham Joseph A. Catania Richard Brand Tu Duong Jesse A. Canchola 《Journal of sex research》2013,50(4):325-332
This study examined the effect of time lag on the validity of retrospective self‐reports of sexual behavior. Seventy‐five heterosexual students (44 women, 31 men) made daily recordings of sexual behavior, condom use, and alcohol or substance use for 1 month. Ability of respondents to recall sexual behavior recorded during this period was assessed at 1, 2, and 3 months after diary completion using recall interviews (25 interviewed at each interval). For vaginal intercourse, total recall error was significantly greater at 3 months than at 1 month post‐diary. For all other variables assessed, the 2‐ and 3‐month time intervals did not produce significant increases in total recall error. Higher frequency of vaginal intercourse, orgasm, and alcohol use prior to sexual activity were associated with total recall error for some but not all behaviors and outcomes. The results provide a partial validation of the diary‐interview recall model as a method for studying recall error. 相似文献