拉动消费的意义

尽管过去十年里，中国的实际工资水平上涨了12．5％，但是消费在经济中所占的比例却在下降，因此，评论员怀疑，企业家面临的是国内外需求及生产能力同时萎缩的局面。     

18世纪俄国居民生活状况的历史考察

18世纪俄国与西方世界建立起密切的经济和文化联系,现代化进程显著加快,经济发展顺利,俄国的大国地位进一步巩固.但由于对外战争和结构性改革以及特权阶层追求西方化生活,赋税提高,居民的物质状况恶化,生活水平下降.     

私立研究中心:拉美高等教育发展现状与变化

在拉丁美洲,私立研究中心引领了社会和政策领域的研究热点.与公立大学相比,它们发展得更成熟,成果更丰富,也更具影响力.巴西私立高等教育由不同文化背景的、具有历史沿袭的团体组织构成,毕达哥拉斯学院是其中新兴的第三种办学模式,堪比凤凰城；智利的高等教育日益向私有化发展,私立高等教育已经成为高等教育的主导,并利用有限的经费获得了较高的学术能力；墨西哥私立高等教育类型多样,低端或需求满足型学校数量众多；乌拉圭是拉美最后一个批准私立高校的国家,其私立高等教育发展较迟的原因在于天主教对社会的影响较小、公立教育的质量较高以及国家对私立高校的约束较强,但私立高等教育仍与公立高等教育在研究生教育领域展开了新的竞争.本刊已连续四期刊登菲利普·G.阿尔特巴赫《私立高等教育:全球革命》(2005年)一书的部分文章,这期刊登该书有关拉丁美洲私立高等教育的相关文章,以飨读者(标题系编者所加).     

在公共服务递送中运营共同生产：服务蓝图的贡献

本文认为,公共服务应从以产品为主导的逻辑转向服务途径。通过采取服务导向,公共服务递送的经验性、组织间和系统性,以及作为共同生产者的服务使用者角色,将一同被考虑。论文将通过服务蓝图的应用,解释共同生产如何操作。并介绍了高等教育中的一个案例。在这一案例中,蓝图的创建将师生汇聚在一起,专注于学生入学的设计,从而改善学生体验,并支持共同生产。      

Analysis of strategic plans to assess planning for sustainability of comprehensive community initiatives

In order to achieve the intended impact on a community, comprehensive community initiatives must sustain programs once they have been implemented. However, planning for sustainability is challenging and is rarely incorporated in the planning process of an initiative. The current study examined 19 5-year plans developed during the planning phase of the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to assess the extent to which the construct of sustainability was incorporated. The plan analysis was supplemented with results from other components of the complex evaluation design implemented as part of the process evaluation of Comprehensive Strategy. Results suggested that sustainability was not accounted for during the planning phase of this initiative. The implications of these findings, including the importance of planning for sustainability in order to achieve sustainability, are discussed.     

Dopamine Genes and Pathological Gambling in Discordant Sib-Pairs

Pathological gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder that has been considered as a behavioral addiction. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of the dopaminergic system in addictions and impulse control disorders and associations of dopamine receptor genes (DRD1, DRD2, and DRD4) and PG have been reported. In the present study, 140 sib-pairs discordant for the diagnosis of PG (70 males and 70 females on each group) were recruited through the Gambling Outpatient Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo and were assessed by trained psychiatrists. A family-based association design was chosen to prevent population stratification. All subjects were genotyped for dopamine receptor genes (DRD1 -800 T/C, DRD2 TaqIA RFLP, DRD3 Ser9Gly, DRD4 48bp exon III VNTR, DRD5 (CA) repeat) and the dopamine transporter gene (SCL6A3 40 bp VNTR). Our results suggest the association of PG with DRD1 -800 T/C allele T (P = .03).     

Development and evaluation of the physical activity questionnaire for elderly Japanese: the Nakanojo study

The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Elderly Japanese (PAQ-EJ) is a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for elderly Japanese; the authors report here on its repeatability and direct and indirect validity. Reliability was assessed by repeat administration after 1 month. Direct validation was based on accelerometer data collected every 4 s for 1 month in 147 individuals age 65-85 years. Indirect validation against a 10-item Barthel index (activities of daily living [ADL]) was completed in 3,084 individuals age 65-99 years. The test-retest coefficient was high (r = .64-.71). Total and subtotal scores for lower (transportation, housework, and labor) and higher intensity activities (exercise/sports) were significantly correlated with step counts and durations of physical activity <3 and >or=3 METs (r = .41, .28, .53), respectively. Controlling for age and ADL, scores for transportation, exercise/sports, and labor were greater in men, but women performed more housework. Sex- and ADL- or age-adjusted PAQ-EJ scores were significantly lower in older and dependent people. PAQ-EJ repeatability and validity seem comparable to those of instruments used in Western epidemiological studies.     

Proteins' promise--progress and challenges in ovarian cancer proteomics

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynaecological cancer death. The mortality rate of ovarian cancer could be greatly decreased if there were a screening test which was able to detect the disease at an early stage, resulting in an increased probability of cure. The most promising prospect for the early detection of ovarian cancer comes from the rapidly advancing field of clinical proteomics. An increasing number of reports on the potential clinical application of proteomics research for early detection as well as risk assessment and management of ovarian cancer are being published. Although the research is very promising, major technical challenges are still preventing new discoveries in ovarian cancer proteomics from being translated into clinical practice.