文化人类学的研究方法

美国佛罗里达大学人类学系系主任、教授贝尔纳德(Х.Р.Бернард)在自己的著作中,总结了从事文化人类学的研究方法教程的20年教育的经验和成果。     

在执行拉萨荣赫鹏使团任务期间搜集到的藏文手抄本和书籍的情况

编者按:英国发动第二次侵藏战争期间,华达尔从我国西藏地区掠走大量藏文珍贵书籍和手抄本,数量之大,令人震惊.本文是这一事件的自供状,也是近代帝国主义列强对中国进行文化掠夺的最好诠释.需要说明的是,此译文原附有一份被华达尔掠去的藏文文献清单,共计464号.因数量较大,加之专有名词较多,需进一步校订,故未能同时刊登,请读者见谅.本刊将尽快予以刊发.至于作者在表述西藏与中国关系时使用的分裂主义语言,相信读者是会不言自明的.     

Eye-Tracking Data: New Insights on Response Order Effects and Other Cognitive Shortcuts in Survey Responding

Survey researchers since Cannell have worried that respondents may take various shortcuts to reduce the effort needed to complete a survey. The evidence for such shortcuts is often indirect. For instance, preferences for earlier versus later response options have been interpreted as evidence that respondents do not read beyond the first few options. This is really only a hypothesis, however, that is not supported by direct evidence regarding the allocation of respondent attention. In the current study, we used a new method to more directly observe what respondents do and do not look at by recording their eye movements while they answered questions in a Web survey. The eye-tracking data indicate that respondents do in fact spend more time looking at the first few options in a list of response options than those at the end of the list; this helps explain their tendency to select the options presented first regardless of their content. In addition, the eye-tracking data reveal that respondents are reluctant to invest effort in reading definitions of survey concepts that are only a mouse click away or paying attention to initially hidden response options. It is clear from the eye-tracking data that some respondents are more prone to these and other cognitive shortcuts than others, providing relatively direct evidence for what had been suspected based on more conventional measures.     

专家的隐性失业

众所周知,造成失业的原因可能有3种;由于科技进步技术不熟练工人无事可干;由于生产下降而裁减职工;在市场关系形成条件下隐性失业不可避免地转成公开失业。第一个原因存在于发达国家,在我们这儿没有意义。第二个原因正     

西方福利模式的改革趋势:日益背离普享原则

一、削减政府公共支出规模 人们普遍认为,货币主义的新自由主义政策(例如通过提高利率来抵御通货膨胀)、通货紧缩以及失业是推动赤字上升的主要因素.此外,随着20世纪80年代货币及资本的跨国流动性的增强,各国为了防止资金流入利率较高的国家均倾向于采取加息措施,这加重了政府的债务成本.     

IMPROVING POPULATION-SPECIFIC ALLELE FREQUENCY ESTIMATES BY ADAPTING SUPPLEMENTAL DATA: AN EMPIRICAL BAYES APPROACH

Estimation of the allele frequency at genetic markers is a key ingredient in biological and biomedical research, such as studies of human genetic variation or of the genetic etiology of heritable traits. As genetic data becomes increasingly available, investigators face a dilemma: when should data from other studies and population subgroups be pooled with the primary data? Pooling additional samples will generally reduce the variance of the frequency estimates; however, used inappropriately, pooled estimates can be severely biased due to population stratification. Because of this potential bias, most investigators avoid pooling, even for samples with the same ethnic background and residing on the same continent. Here, we propose an empirical Bayes approach for estimating allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms. This procedure adaptively incorporates genotypes from related samples, so that more similar samples have a greater influence on the estimates. In every example we have considered, our estimator achieves a mean squared error (MSE) that is smaller than either pooling or not, and sometimes substantially improves over both extremes. The bias introduced is small, as is shown by a simulation study that is carefully matched to a real data example. Our method is particularly useful when small groups of individuals are genotyped at a large number of markers, a situation we are likely to encounter in a genome-wide association study.     

蒙古石人研究

中世纪蒙古雕塑研究不久以前才微露端倪。近几年越来越清楚地看出,这一类型的艺术遗存对于理解在蒙古社会占统治地位的思想观念也许是十分重要的史料。它们构成了价值观念体系的本质部份,而传统的美学的、道德的、道义的规范都是以此为基础的,这些在日常行为、礼节及宗教仪式等具体规则中都有所表现。靠一篇文章很准概括与13—14世纪蒙古雕     

从人文素质教育谈医学专业学生的成长

加强素质教育自上世纪80年代中期明确提出,到新人才观的形成已经历了几十年。这几十年,是中国改革开放、现代化进程加快的时期。当代大学生的素质在这种变革背景下,呈现出多元、波动的态势,医学生更具典型特点。一、实施素质教育必须更新观念培养高素质、高水平的人才,需要高素     

社会在发展 细菌在进化

随着战争、人口加速流动以及抗生素的滥用,细菌也在不断演化。抗生素逐步失效,细菌正在学会抵抗它们。     

管理科学:观念更新

关于社会生产管理有两种最为流行的基本观点。第一种观点视管理为社会劳动的一种特殊职能或者一种特殊劳动活动;第二种观点认为管理就是对从事社会生产的集体施加有目的的影响。前一种观点的注意中心是把管理看作社会劳动分工发展过程中和生产出现合作性质之后独立出来的一种独立活动。管理的内涵通过目标、职能、组织结构、过程和方法揭示出来。由此得出这样一个完整概念,即管理是一个拥有若干专门化的子系统及其组成要素,拥有特定原理的完整体系。后一种观点认为,管理的本质在于对生产、集体、个人施加有目的的影响。其注意的中心并不是整个管理活动,而是管理活动的最后阶段。在这个阶段管理的主体已通过自己的作用使客体进入一种新状态。然而要