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361.
This article examines whether altruistic behavior is habit forming. The basic premise is that if engaging in altruistic behavior when young is a good predictor of such behavior in adulthood, then this is consistent with the notion that altruistic behavior is habit forming. Using U.S. data, we examine donations of both money and time and find that engaging in charitable behavior when young is a strong predictor of adult altruistic behavior, with all other things equal. A major issue in the interpretation of this result is that the correlation between youthful and adult altruistic behavior may be due to some third variable that affects both. Although it is impossible to rule out such a possibility, we are able to control for family influences that likely could affect lifetime attitudes toward altruism. 相似文献
362.
Previous researchers have found that individuals who are exposed to negative pretrial publicity (PTP) are more likely to judge a defendant guilty than individuals exposed to little or no negative PTP. We examined whether or not minority defendants (black, Aboriginal) are differentially disadvantaged by negative PTP in comparison with white defendants within a Canadian context. Participants read an online newspaper article about a sexual assault case involving a white, black, or Aboriginal defendant and then answered questions regarding defendant culpability and their perceptions of their own abilities to be impartial jurors. The defendant’s ethnicity and the gender of the participant impacted perceptions of defendant culpability. Participants (particularly female participants) generally favored the black defendant and disadvantaged the Aboriginal defendant (in comparison with the white defendant). Despite this fact, participants generally felt they could be impartial and fair jurors. These findings suggest that current procedures for assessing—and trying to avoid—racial biases in jurors are insufficient. 相似文献
363.
Sonja N Sax P. Robinan Gentry Cynthia Van Landingham Harvey J. Clewell III Kenneth A. Mundt 《Risk analysis》2020,40(2):294-318
β-Chloroprene is used in the production of polychloroprene, a synthetic rubber. In 2010, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published the Integrated Risk Information System “Toxicological Review of Chloroprene,” concluding that chloroprene was “likely to be carcinogenic to humans.” This was based on findings from a 1998 National Toxicology Program (NTP) study showing multiple tumors within and across animal species; results from occupational epidemiological studies; a proposed mutagenic mode of action; and structural similarities with 1,3-butadiene and vinyl chloride. Using mouse data from the NTP study and assuming a mutagenic mode of action, EPA calculated an inhalation unit risk (IUR) for chloroprene of 5 × 10−4 per µg/m3. This is among the highest IURs for chemicals classified by IARC or EPA as known or probable human carcinogens and orders of magnitude higher than the IURs for carcinogens such as vinyl chloride, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene. Due to differences in pharmacokinetics, mice appear to be uniquely responsive to chloroprene exposure compared to other animals, including humans, which is consistent with the lack of evidence of carcinogenicity in robust occupational epidemiological studies. We evaluated and integrated all lines of evidence for chloroprene carcinogenicity to assess whether the 2010 EPA IUR could be scientifically substantiated. Due to clear interspecies differences in carcinogenic response to chloroprene, we applied a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for chloroprene to calculate a species-specific internal dose (amount metabolized/gram of lung tissue) and derived an IUR that is over 100-fold lower than the 2010 EPA IUR. Therefore, we recommend that EPA's IUR be updated. 相似文献
364.
The paper illustrates the desirability and feasibility of the computer simulation technique in socio-psychological research. A computer simulation model of a five-man industrial work group is constructed. After the model has successfully passed a two stage validation procedure, an experimentation phase is conducted. In a 2 times 3 replicated factorial experiment, five years of simulated weekly data is used to test several hypotheses which relate the independent variables–supervisory style and worker interpersonal orientation–to productivity, worker job satisfaction and group cohesiveness. The hypotheses were derived from the findings of prior short-lived laboratory and field research. The study indicates that the computer simulation approach is a valuable adjunct to the classical organizational research techniques. 相似文献
365.
Harvey J. Brightman 《决策科学》1977,8(1):287-299
The paper reports on a large scale evaluation of two alternative models of undergraduate statistics courses. The traditional course orientation was compared with a problem-solving orientation in which the emphasis was on real world problem-solving, during the winter and spring quarters of 1973–74. The evaluation battery included behavioral and problem-solving skill measures. The findings indicate that improvements in statistics programs can be made. 相似文献
366.
Identifying factors linked to the development of group consciousness is important toward bettering our understanding of group formation processes among marginalized ethnoracial groups. This study examines predictors of group consciousness among Asians and Asian Americans in the United States, focusing on numerous dimensions of this concept, including linked fate, panethnic group identification, and four specific sources of perceived group commonality and interests: (1) cultural, (2) economic, (3) political, and (4) racial. We use data from a national survey to examine socio-structural, political, discrimination, and immigration correlates associated with separate dimensions of Asian group consciousness. We found that perceiving interpersonal discrimination increased the importance of being Asian; heightened the odds of feeling linked fate with other Asian people; and enhanced the odds of identification as “Asian American.” Republicans and Independents were less likely to perceive different elements of Asian group consciousness compared to Democrats. Educational attainment, income, gender, employment status, ethnicity, and English-speaking comfortability had varying effects across certain measures of Asian group consciousness. For Asians and Asian Americans, interpersonal discrimination and certain socio-structural, political, and immigration factors may be especially meaningful toward the development of linked fate, shared group interests and commonalities, and panethnic identification, all of which are key toward activating group consciousness. 相似文献
367.
Effective student evaluation of instructor instruments must provide norm, or comparative, data to aid interpretation. This note highlights an innovative factor score comparative report. Rather than merely reporting comparative data on individual questions items, the innovative report provides comparative percentile data on the six factors underlying our thirty-three item questionnaire. The faculty indicated overwhelming support for the new report. The note also briefly mentions three other activities that are essential for student evaluation of instructor data to improve teacher effectiveness. Our goal is to stimulate other colleges to adopt the innovative norming practice once they have validated their local evaluation instruments. College-wide improvement of teaching will occur through such do-it-yourself efforts and only decision science faculty are technically qualified to lead such efforts. 相似文献
368.