South Africa's `Rainbow People', National Pride and Optimism: A Trend Study

Since the first democratic elections of1994, South Africans are popularly known as the`rainbow people'. The paper reports theacceptance of the rainbow as political symbolof unity among the diverse people of SouthAfrica at three times: Immediately after the1994 elections, two years later in 1996, andfive years later in 1999 after the secondgeneral elections. The database for the studyare responses to items placed with a syndicatednational survey conducted countrywide. Thepublic discourse on the rainbow is reviewedthrough personal interviews with a panel of 25elites contacted in the run-up to the secondgeneral elections. The researchers revisitconclusions based on the earlier results(Møller, Dickow and Harris, 1999). The thirdround of research finds that the appeal of therainbow as political symbol has waned but isstill inclusive of all groups in society.Projections of national pride have shifted fromthe rainbow as symbol of unity andreconciliation to other icons of achievementsuch as the Reconstruction and DevelopmentProgramme and prowess in sport. Support for thepolitical symbolism of the rainbow ispositively associated with happiness, lifesatisfaction and optimism. Lack of a focus ofnational pride is associated with pessimism.Results support the conclusion reached earlierthat belief in the `rainbow nation' idealboosts optimism and promotes happiness duringSouth Africa's transition to a stabledemocracy, thereby preventing alienation amongthe losers under the new politicaldispensation. Linkages between acceptance ofthe rainbow symbol, subjective well-being andoptimism are discussed in the light of thesocio-political changes which have taken placein South Africa since democracy.     

From #aufschrei to hatr.org: digital–material entanglements in the context of German digital feminist activisms

Abstract

This article delivers a snapshot of what digital feminisms can mean today. It argues that a commonality of current digital feminisms is a stance against digital dualism and that it is digital–material assemblages that shape certain forms of digital feminisms. In particular, two relatively recent examples of digital feminist activisms are analyzed, and I suggest ways of understanding the interplay of materialities within them: Germany’s Twitter campaign #aufschrei and the German anti-trolling website hatr.org. Finally, I suggest a typology of digital feminisms with varying degrees of digital–material entanglements.     

THE KNIGHTS OF LABOUR AND THE FAILURE OF THE ARBITRATION PLATFORM, 1886–1887: Ideology, Hegemony, and Contextually Generated Opportunities for Frame Success

This article examines the reasons why the Knights of Labour, a labor movement that enjoyed enormous popularity and success during the penultimate decade of the 19th century, were unable to construct a resonant cultural frame in support of their platform of arbitration. The theoretical framework employed in this article is constructed by importing two concepts from political process models of social movement action into culturalist accounts, historical environment (or context), and opportunity. This framework allows me to look at how historical environments offer transient openings for the effective construction of counterhegemonic or subversive collective action frames. I argue that opportunity for framing has to do with the intersection between the signification requisites of framing practices, and the systemic features of cultural environments. I find that the nature of this opportunity in the years between 1885 and 1887 helps explain why movement practice within the Knights of Labour diverged so significantly from the practices advocated by its leadership.     

Maternal mental health and faltering growth in infants

This study reports on the first phase of a large‐scale, longitudinal, multidisciplinary community study examining the growth, learning and development of young children with a particular focus on failure to thrive without organic cause. However, the group identified in this study may be better described as weight faltering. This paper examines the psychological data collected using the Parenting Stress Index, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem and the General Health Questionnaire in relation to child growth. There were no significant differences between the mothers of the weight faltering and control children in terms of parenting stress, maternal depression, maternal perceptions of their parenting competence or maternal self‐esteem. Maternal sensitivity to comments about child size, regardless of direction, had a negative impact on mood. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Randomization. pro and contra 1

We discuss a stochastic urn model in which there are two urns A and B. B is originally empty and A contains some fixed number of white and black balls. A player selects integers n>O and b>O. Balls are drawn with replacement in A and balls of the same color are put in B as long as the number of white balls in B exceeds (b-1) times the number of black balls in B. Under this condition, the player stops after drawing n+bx balls and is declared to be a winnear if urn B has x black balls. This number of black balls, x, is shown to have the generalized negative binomial distribution     

Vocational rehabilitation at Reykjalundur Rehabilitation Center in Iceland

This article describes a pilot project in specialized vocational rehabilitation program at Reykjalundur Rehabilitation Center in Iceland. It gives a brief historical overview of the development of the program, describes the theoretical frame used and the way the program is designed. Finally, it discusses the results of the program and ways to improve the program.     

Psychosoziale Probleme Studierender im Wandel der Zeiten aus der Sicht Psychologischer Beratung

Have today’s students really changed compared to previous generations? Considering the social and/or psychological problems brought forth at the counselling services of their universities, the answer is a clear ?no“. Empirical studies over the last three decades indicate that the typical strains placed by life at the university are still very much predominant. The significance of these problems — including motivational problems, indecisiveness, fear of failure and lack of achievement — should however not be underestimated. If not treated by early counselling, they can impair the process of personality and identity development. Over the years the demand for psychological counselling has grown and become more customary. Specialized psychological treatments have been developed. At our Counselling Services at the Freie Universität of Berlin the students show especially much interest in work groups, which offer a fruitful frame for psychosocial learning as well as practicing and improving their academic skills.     

The Quality of Parenting of Individuals Who had Failed to Thrive as Children

Correspondence to Professor Dorota Iwaniec or Dr Helga Sneddon, Institute of Child Care Research, The Queen's University of Belfast, 5a Lennoxvale, Belfast BT9 5BY, UK. E-mail: d.iwaniec{at}qub.ac.uk, h.sneddon{at}qub.ac.uk Summary Parenting behaviour is determined by a range of factors includingpersonality, psychopathology, values, social support, childcharacteristics and socio-cultural influences. It has also beensuggested that an individual's style of child-rearing is influencedby the style of parenting that they experienced as children.The relationships between children who fail-to-thrive and theirparents are often characterized by interactional difficulties.Previous research using retrospective accounts suggested thatmothers of children who fail-to-thrive for non-organic reasonsthemselves showed high levels of abuse, neglect, and deprivationduring their childhoods. However, to date no one has investigatedprospectively what kinds of parents failure-to-thrive individualsbecome. This paper examines the parenting experiences of individualswho had received psychosocial intervention for their non-organicfailure-to-thrive as children over 20 years ago. Results suggestthat where initial intervention failed to bring about long-termchanges in family interactional patterns, there was a greaterincidence of failure-to-thrive in the next generation. Thesefamilies were characterized by dissatisfaction with the child,high levels of stress associated with the parenting role, andlow levels of social support. However, where the family environmentin the original study had changed substantially, the formerclients' outcomes were more positive with their own children.These parents tended to find interaction with their childrenmore rewarding, had good support networks and low levels ofstress. The characteristics of particular cases are discussedin detail to illustrate differences between these two groupsof individuals.