作为增长因素和科技进步动力的社会结构

随着我国第三届马列主义社会学家代表大会的召开,在社会结构研究方面又有新的理论探讨,对迄今的理论出发点和观点进行了批判性的思考,并使之在重大理论问题上更加确切。这些新探讨的中心课题是:社会差别的缩小与再生的辩证法;共产主义初级阶段社会差别的缩小与再生的规律性;社会差别的缩小与再生能否成为增长因素和经济及科技进步的动力。     

马克思关于社会变革的看法

关于社会变革的看法是社会学家众说纷纭的一个有争议的问题,他们的看法随着不同时代而发生变化。十八、十九世纪欧洲发生包括工业革命在内的多次革命,社会发生突然的迅猛的变革,统治阶级被推翻,封建制度让位给资本主义制度。这就使一些社会学家、历史学家(如马克思)认为,矛盾,特别是阶级矛盾,是任何社会结构所固有的,一切现存的社会都包含着未来社会的社会结构的“种子”。社会变革被认为是每个社会正常的、无可避免的社会发展过程。     

弗洛伊德的精神分析与社会生物学

很少有人会怀疑弗洛伊德的精神分析是二十世纪心理学的“第一动力”。精神分析作为一种人格理论,详尽地阐述了人格的结构、动力和发展,其内涵之丰富,目前还没有一种人格理论堪与匹敌。然而,内容的复杂、浩翰并不意味着必然得到普遍的接受,精神分析自从它兴起的早期阶段就遭到了猛烈的抨击。抨击的矛头主要指向诸如本我、无意识和恋母情结等心理结构。然而弗洛伊德坚信,人们终将发现他所提出的本我、自我和超我等结构是具有生     

关于历史唯物主义“原始范畴”问题的讨论

1980年12月18～19日,举行了例行的全苏从事历史唯物主义问题研究的科学工作者和教师的协调会议。在会议发言中,人们很重视历史唯物主义的起因和“原始范畴”问题。В.И. 普里皮斯诺夫和Н.Ф. 特列季亚科夫强调说,应该把活动看作历史唯物主义的原始范畴,这不是因为它简单和不依赖于历史唯物主义的其它范畴,而恰恰是     

俄罗斯进军科技产业

曾押注Skype和Facebook的硅谷风投家又开始考虑另一个心跳赌局——让俄罗斯多样化发展,摆脱对石油产业的依赖。俄罗斯总统德米特里．安．梅德韦杰夫已将经济多样化摆到其经济政策的核心位置,并开始在莫斯科郊区建造一个被称为俄罗斯硅谷的大型科技园。     

eHealth recruitment challenges

Little is known about effective eHealth recruitment methods. This paper presents recruitment challenges associated with enrolling African-American girls aged 8–10 years in an eHealth obesity prevention program, their effect on the recruitment plan, and potential implications for eHealth research.Although the initial recruitment strategy was literature-informed, it failed to enroll the desired number of girls within a reasonable time period. Therefore, the recruitment strategy was reformulated to incorporate principles of social marketing and traditional marketing techniques. The resulting plan included both targeted, highly specific strategies (e.g., selected churches), and more broad-based approaches (e.g., media exposure, mass mailings, radio advertisements).The revised plan enabled recruitment goals to be attained. Media appeared to be particularly effective at reaching the intended audience. Future research should identify the most effective recruitment strategies for reaching potential eHealth audiences.     

Telephone survey respondents' reactions to questions regarding interpersonal violence

Concerns have been raised regarding the appropriateness of asking about violence victimization in telephone interviews and whether asking such questions increases respondents' distress or risk for harm. However, no large-scale studies have evaluated the impact of asking such questions during a telephone interview. This study explored respondents' reactions to questions regarding violence in two large recently completed telephone surveys. After respondents were asked about violence, they were asked if they thought surveys should ask such questions and whether they felt upset or afraid because of the questions. In both surveys, the majority of respondents (regardless of their victimization history) were willing to answer questions about violence and were not upset or afraid because of the questions. More than 92% of respondents thought such questions should be asked. These results challenge commonly held beliefs and assumptions and provide some assurance to those concerned with the ethical collection of data on violent victimization.     

Correlates of physical activity in a community sample of older adults in Appalachia

Although much has been learned about the global determinants of physical activity in adults, there has been a lack of specific focus on gender, age, and urban/rural differences. In this church-based community sample of Appalachian adults (N = 1,239), the primary correlates of physical activity included age, gender, obesity, and self-efficacy. Overall, 42% of all participants and 31% of adults age 65 years or older met recommended guidelines for physical activity, which suggests that most participants do not engage in adequate levels of physical activity. Of participants who met physical activity guidelines, the most common modes of moderate and vigorous activity were walking briskly or uphill, heavy housework or gardening, light strength training, and biking. These particular activities that focus on building self-efficacy might be viable targets for intervention among older adults in rural communities.     

Vicarious trauma: an exploratory study of the impact of providing sexual abuse treatment on clinicians' trust and intimacy

This study examined vicarious trauma effects in male and female clinicians who treat sexual abuse survivors (n = 111) and sexual offenders (n = 272). The national survey was conducted using a random sample of clinical members of two professional organizations. Analyses tested the relationships between demographic variables, maltreatment history, client population served, and cognitions about trust of and intimacy with others, using the Trauma Stress Institute Belief Scale (TSIBS-R-L, Pearlman 2003), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ, Bernstein & Fink, 1998), and author-generated questions. Respondents reported high rates of multiple forms of childhood maltreatment; however there was no relationship between history of child sexual abuse and vicarious trauma effects. Scores for self-reported disruption in cognitions about intimacy with others exceeded norms for mental health professionals. Sequential regression analyses were used to examine theoretically-derived variables. Implications for practice and research are detailed.     

Prevalence and Diagnostic Correlates of DSM-IV Pathological Gambling in Psychiatric Outpatients

Studies of the prevalence of pathological gambling (PG) in psychiatric and substance abusing patients suggest that the disorder is not rare. Most studies have been of substance abusers in treatment, and the rate of PG has been found to be several times higher than the rate found in community based epidemiological surveys. However, only one study has examined the prevalence of PG in a heterogeneous sample of patients, and this was a study of psychiatric inpatients. We are not aware of any prior study of the prevalence of PG in a psychiatric outpatient sample. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnosis and Services (MIDAS) project we examined the current and lifetime prevalence of PG in 1,709 psychiatric outpatients interviewed with a semi-structured diagnostic interview that included a module to diagnose DSM-IV PG. Forty (2.3%) patients had a lifetime history of DSM-IV PG, all of whom had at least one other DSM-IV axis I disorder. Patients with PG had significantly more axis I disorders than patients without PG, and had significantly higher rates of bipolar disorder, social phobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, alcohol use disorder, and other impulse control disorders. Possible reasons for the low prevalence of PG in our sample are discussed.