Male street prostitution in Dublin: a psychological analysis

This study assessed the mental health characteristics of 12 male street prostitutes (MSPs) in Dublin, with particular regard to issues of homelessness, substance abuse, depression, suicidal ideation, and self-esteem. Participants completed five psychometric tests, which indicated that all of the participants had above average levels of depression and suicidal ideation and low levels of self-esteem. This study found that candidates likely to become MSPs are young males with a combination of factors, including a background of childhood sexual or physical abuse, leaving school early, running away from home, and a dependence on heroin.     

生物能和农工业对分散化发展的意义

设于印度新德里的不结盟国家及其他发展中国家研究和情报系统是受印度政府资助的一个自治机构,是对与发展中国家的各种发展过程有关的国际经济问题进行分析讨论的论坛,其主要目的是促进不结盟国家及其他发展中国家的自力更生,加强各国的研究机构之间的联系,利用它们的研究力量为各国共同的最大利益服务。它还努力争取在这些国家感兴趣的全球和地区性问题上成为数据库、情报存贮和情报检索的中心。1988年10月,这一机构出版了《生物技术革命和第三世界——挑战与政策选择》一书。全书共分18章,本文是其中的第4章。     

多模雷达信号处理器

对于多模机载雷达,必须在同一个数字硬件上完成许多不同的处理功能,并且必须有很大的灵活性。一台运算容量为每秒运算10~8～10~9次数量级的可编程信号处理器(PSP)能够满足这些要求。 这里给出了这样一台PSP,它采用了连接到极高速母线的并行处理器和一个散装存储器。这些处理器是不同类型的,并被改装使其起到不同的作用。然而,它们有一共同的控制结构且使用相同的配件。这些处理器由一台快速计算机控制,并且整个信号处理器由一高级语言(HOL)数据处理器控制。 所用的结构和技术允许在20升的体积内建成一性能为大约每秒5×10~8次运算的完整的信号和数据处理器。     

论决策者的修养

近年来,人们常常把制定政策当作一种解决问题的技术性活动,因此,对决策者主要强调依学科进行技术培训。Ⅰ.谢弗勒提出了一种与上述看法相反的观点,强调决策者在人文科学方面修养的特点。他强调指出,重要的问题是不仅要理解多种不同学科的专业用语,而且要了解作为政策研究对象的普通人的语言。此外,他还提倡要对在决策者本人的行动中体现出来的价值、文化、习惯和知识等方面的前提有所认识。最后,他敦促人们特别要注意,对于决策者所处的社会,不仅要知其一时,还要知其历史。     

组织中的等级制度

现在人们把等级制度确认为是生物的、技术的或者社会的等等任何组织系统中的一种一般结构原则。对于社会系统来说,这个原则在任何范围里都显而易见。小至社会团体大至整个社会都是如此。事实上,人们似乎并不知道任何别的构成的联系全是金字塔式的。然而,在社会组织里,这个不可避免的原则所带来的问题也大大增多并是不可避免的。社会关系是等级制度的典型,是指下级关系、隶属关系及不平等关系。一伙显然是少数的人能决定大多数人的事情。这里包含着组织内部相互关系的一个最重要特征,包含着其结构形态的客观基础。但是,这是一种最有争议的组织结构原则,长时期以来也一直是评论的话题。     

Sexual needs, control, and refusal: how "doing" class and gender influences sexual risk taking

The poor are disproportionately affected by unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We know relatively little, however, about the sexual processes behind these disparities. Despite studies of gender enactment's influence on sexual behaviors, few analyses examine the sexual "doing" of social class. We conducted sexual history interviews with 36 women and men, half middle class and half poor and working class. Most respondents reported that men have greater sexual appetites than women, but the middle class were more likely to cite social influences while the poor and working-class respondents primarily ascribed biological origins. The social construction of sexual controllability among the middle class contributed to perceptions that sex was a containable force. Poor and working-class women described men's sexual needs as physiologically irrepressible, which shaped sexual refusal. Our findings move beyond socioeconomic status (SES) as a "risk factor" and explore two examples of how gender and social class mediate people's sexual selves and health.     

Perceptions of survivors of loss by homicide: opportunities for nursing practice

Ten adult family members of homicide victims were recruited to participate in interviews describing their experiences related to the loss of their loved ones. A phenomenological approach was used to guide data collection and analysis, resulting in the identification of four major themes. Participants described intense emotional responses and grief complicated by the suddenness, violence, and intentionality of the homicide; engagement in activities that both buffered the emotional effects of the loss and helped them purposefully integrate it into their lives; the strengthening and dissolution of relationships; and a transformative, perpetually evolving post-homicide experience that was viewed as "healing" and that was influenced by many factors. Implications of these findings for research and nursing practice are discussed.     

Times of transition: elder abuse and neglect in Israel

The present paper addresses the advancement of research, policies, legislation, and practice experiences designed to deal with the phenomenon of elder abuse and neglect in Israel in times of transition. The paper presents a short overview of the demographic scene, reflecting population characteristics and needs that impact care giving as well as elder abuse and neglect. The developments of scientific knowledge and its accumulation, especially the empirical data from the first national survey on elder abuse and neglect are discussed. Further, legislative developments relating to four generational laws and the advancement of policies and innovative practice experiences are described and analyzed. Finally, future challenges in the field are identified.     

Carrying loads and postural sway in standing: the effect of load placement and magnitude

This study investigated the effect that load magnitude, load location, and the dimensions that the base of support have on postural sway in standing while wearing a backpack, single strapped bag, briefcase, or purse. Subjects were instructed to carry a load of 10% or 20% of their body weight with either their feet spaced shoulder width apart or together for a period of 45 seconds. Medial/lateral and anterior/posterior center of pressure (COP) displacement and COP velocity were calculated. Overall, it was found that an increase in load magnitude produced an increase in postural sway and velocity of COP. In addition, a large increase in the medial/lateral COP velocity was observed when subjects carried a briefcase, single strapped bag, or purse. Additionally, a larger COP sway was recorded in conditions of standing with decreased base of support (feet together). These findings suggest the importance of considering the way we carry loads in order not only to place less strain on the body and to minimize our efforts, but to optimize postural control as well.