马达加斯加的麦利那人

同莫桑比克隔海相望,位于印度洋中的马达加斯加岛在种族、语言和文化方面都同非洲大陆有关系。然而,马达加斯加人却又同生活在数千里以外的东方印度尼西亚居民有明显的联系。全体马达加斯加人都操着同一种语言,尽管这一语言分成若干种方言,但显然是属于马来-波利尼西亚语系的印度尼西     

特尔斐技术在公共部门的应用

特尔斐技术(Delphi Technique,一种预测技术)正在公共部门得到日益广泛的应用。形成这种发展的部分原因是由于古典特尔斐技术有了许多新的改进。这项技术的应用业已证明,它的灵活性足以满足许多公共部门的需要。本文对特尔斐技术的发展及其在预测、通讯、政府预算、教育领域及确     

通向均势之路

我们从调查中得到的启示是,要为亚洲裔美国人提供受民族关系制约的经济变革道路,必须重视小商业的所有权。从华裔和日本裔美国人的例子就可以看出那些与民族经济相联系的好处。这两个集团都以他们各自在民族经济方面有力量和生气而著称。1979年,这两个集团中的单千户显然比在私营     

经济人类学的展望

六十年代初期以来,对经济人类学理论来说,发生了几件重要的事。第一是引用马克思主义理论的人类学家人数增加。目前,在英国发表经济人类学论文的马克思主义杂志至少有四种:《辩证法的人类学》、《经济与社会》、《人类     

Neo-natal and post-neo-natal mortality in a rural area of Bangladesh

Abstract An analysis of neo-natal and post-neo-natal mortality in 132 villages (population of 117,000) of Matlab thana indicates the following: (i) Neo-natal deaths accounted for 60% of the infant mortality rate of 125. This proportion was unexpectedly high since previous research had maintained that in countries with infant mortality rates over 100, neo-natal deaths account for less than one-third of all infant deaths. Since the present findings on the proportions of neo-natal deaths correspond exactly with results from an earlier registration system in East Pakistan, it is suggested that the long-accepted proposition, 'less developed' areas are characterized by lower proportions of neo-natal deaths than 'more developed' areas, be re-examined. (2) The infant death rate accounts for 36% of all deaths in the population. If the infant death rate were reduced by half the result would be a decrease in the current crude death rate from 16 to 13. Although this reduction would appear to be small, in the context of a current high growth rate of 3% (from 1966-67 to 1968-69) it exerts a sizeable impact. For example, it would take a reduction of eight points in the crude birth rate of 46 just to achieve a growth rate 2·5% under these circumstances. Obviously, continued efforts in death control without an effective birth control programme will perpetuate high rates of growth. (3) Neo-natal and post-neo-natal mortality exhibited the -expected 'U' shaped pattern with parity, and generally varied as expected with age and family size, except in the oldest age group and largest family size where the risk was smaller than in the preceding groups. An explanation for these findings is presented, based on the effect that births to high-parity women with low child mortality have upon the total neo-natal and post-neo-natal mortality rates. It was found that these births exhibit a much lower mortality risk than births to women of comparable parities and higher child mortality, and that their numbers account for the lower risk to the births in the oldest age group and largest family size. It was concluded that women with a combination of high parity and low child mortality most probably represent a group with superior socio-economic and or health conditions which contribute to the lower risk of neo-natal and post-neo-natal death.     

论种族与文化的关系

当你作为旅行者访问一个国家,检查员就会让你填写一张登记表,并检查你的护照。按照惯例,首先要问:“你是什么种族?”最适当的回答当然是“人类”。这是因为世界上所有的人都属于人类,而人们的共性又大于个人之间与群体之间的差异性。然而,“人类”这个回答却不是对方所要求的。“种族一词指的是人类存在中的一个无庸置疑的事实:人们的体质是不相同的,尤其是体质的差异是因地区而不同的。甚至若干世     

Global generations: social change in the twentieth century

The concept of generation within sociology has until recently been a marginal area of interest. However, various demographic, cultural and intellectual developments have re-awakened an interest in generations that started with the classic essay by Karl Mannheim. To date, the sociological literature has generally conceptualized generations as nationally bounded entities. In this paper we suggest that the sociology of generations should develop the concept of global generations. This conceptual enhancement is important because the growth of global communications technology has enabled traumatic events, in an unparalleled way, to be experienced globally. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the era of international generations, united through print media, and the mid-twentieth century saw the emergence of transnational generations, facilitated by new broadcast communications. However, the latter part of the twentieth century is the period of global generations, defined by electronic communications technology, which is characterized, uniquely, by increasing interactivity. The 1960s generation was the first global generation, the emergence of which had world-wide consequences; today with major developments in new electronic communications, there is even more potential for the emergence of global generations that can communicate across national boundaries and through time. If in the past historical traumas combined with available opportunities to create national generations, now globally experienced traumas, facilitated by new media technologies, have the potential for creating global generational consciousness. The media have become increasingly implicated in the formation of generational movements. Because we are talking about generations in the making rather than an historical generation, this article is necessarily speculative; it aims to provoke discussion and establish a new research agenda for work on generations.     

The New York City neighborhood-based services strategy

The New York City Administration for Children's Services (ACS) instituted a neighborhood-based services system through the realignment of all foster care, preventive, and protective services along community district lines. ACS, with its community partners, also formed neighborhood-based networks to improve service coordination and collaboration among key community stakeholders and to shape a multisystem strategy tailored to each district informed by child welfare data. Based on analysis of neighborhood-specific census tract child welfare data, ACS initiated the Community Partnership to Strengthen Families project to address the disproportionate number of foster care placements originating from a small group of high-need communities, including Manhattan's Central Harlem. This article describes examples of specific strategies based on the Central Harlem experience.