Identifying and Predicting Offending Trajectories among Poor Children

Using data from the Seattle Social Development Project, we identify childhood predictors of offending trajectories among poor children. Five trajectories are identified: nonoffenders, late onsetters, desisters, escalators, and chronic offenders. Among initial nonoffenders, late onsetters are distinguished from nonoffenders by early alcohol drinking. Among youths already delinquent at age 13, escalators are distinguished from desisters by poor family management, family conflict, association with antisocial peers, the presence of troubled children in their neighborhoods, and drug availability. In contrast to prior findings for a general urban sample, family factors significantly predict desistance from offending by age 18 in children from low-income families.     

Child Care as a Relational Context for Early Development: Research in Neurobiology and Emerging Roles for Social Work

The quality of child care in the United States is an important social problem, particularly for economically vulnerable families. This is highlighted by multidisciplinary research on the importance of early caregiving as a determinant of child health and wellbeing. This article examines center-based child care as an important relational and developmental context for infants and young children. Through an integration of psychosocial studies and emerging research in the cognitive neurosciences, this paper describes how developmental research on early emotional development can be utilized to inform our understanding of child care as a critical social and interpersonal context for infants and young children. In particular, this paper examines research on early interpersonal experience as a determinant of the capacity for affect regulation. Focusing on the application of theory to practice, this paper discusses the relevance of this research to informed direct practice, advocacy and program development.     

Marketing and airline corporate planning

This article focuses upon the impact of marketing on the corporate planning process in the air transport industry. The literature of consequence to marketing, corporate planning, and airline planning is synthesized into a normative planning structure and a framework of marketing dimensional elements.     

Social support in aftercare services for troubled youth

Aftercare interventions that utilize social support strategies hold promise for increasing the posttreatment success of youths placed in residential or institutional treatment facilities. This review evaluates programs in which social support strategies are used to facilitate the community adaptation of troubled adolescents. The evidence shows that the development of supportive relationships and prosocial networks in a youth's community, school, and workplace and among parents and family members is important to success in community reentry. The final section outlines research necessary to advance the development and application of aftercare interventions for institutionalized adolescents returning to the community.     

NORM ENFORCEMENT: ANGER,INDIGNATION, OR RECIPROCITY?

The enforcement of social norms often requires that unaffected third parties sanction offenders. Given the renewed interest of economists in norms, the literature on third‐party punishment is surprisingly thin. In this paper, we report the results of an experiment designed to replicate the anger‐based punishment of directly affected second parties and evaluate two distinct explanations for third‐party punishment: indignation and group reciprocity. We find evidence in favor of both, with the caveat that the incidence of indignation‐driven sanctions is perhaps smaller than earlier studies have hinted. Furthermore, our results suggest that second parties use sanctions to promote conformism while third parties intervene primarily to promote efficiency.     

A follower-centric approach to the vision integration process

Leaders increasingly understand the importance of involving followers in the vision implementation process. Viewing vision as a guiding framework that may or may not be adopted by followers throughout the organization, we test a model of the leader–follower communication processes involved in linking vision with follower work behaviors and decisions. Using a cross-sectional research design, we examine the basic relationships in a hypothesized model of the vision integration process. Employees from a health maintenance organization (HMO) (N = 340) completed surveys concerning leader–follower communication, perceptions of the company's vision, and its integration into their work behaviors. Not surprisingly, leader–follower communication regarding vision is crucial. More importantly, how the vision is understood and integrated by followers into work behaviors and decisions significantly predicts commitment, job satisfaction, and supervisory ratings of performance. Based on these findings, a more follower-centered conceptualization of vision is offered.     

Consistent GMM Residuals-Based Tests of Functional Form

This paper presents a consistent Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) residuals-based test of functional form for time series models. By relating two moments we deliver a vector moment condition in which at least one element must be nonzero if the model is misspecified. The test will never fail to detect misspecification of any form for large samples, and is asymptotically chi-squared under the null, allowing for fast and simple inference. A simulation study reveals randomly selecting the nuisance parameter leads to more power than supremum-tests, and can obtain empirical power nearly equivalent to the most powerful test for even relatively small n.