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131.
There are a number of sources of variability in food consumption patterns and residue levels of a particular chemical (e.g., pesticide, food additive) in commodities that lead to an expected high level of variability in dietary exposures across a population. This paper focuses on examples of consumption pattern survey data for specific commodities, namely that for wine and grape juice, and demonstrates how such data might be analyzed in preparation for performing stochastic analyses of dietary exposure. Data from the NIAAA/NHIS wine consumption survey were subset for gender and age group and, with matched body weight data from the survey database, were used to define empirically-based percentile estimates for wine intake (μl wine/kg body weight) for the strata of interest. The data for these two subpopulations were analyzed to estimate 14-day consumption distributional statistics and distributions for only those days on which wine was consumed. Data subsets for all wine-consuming adults and wine-consuming females ages 18 through 45, were determined to fit a lognormal distribution ( R 2 = 0.99 for both datasets). Market share data were incorporated into estimation of chronic exposures to hypothetical chemical residues in imported table wine. As a separate example, treatment of grape juice consumption data for females, ages 18–40, as a simple lognormal distribution resulted in a significant underestimation of intake, and thus exposure, because the actual distribution is a mixture (i.e., multiple subpopulations of grape juice consumers exist in the parent distribution). Thus, deriving dietary intake statistics from food consumption survey data requires careful analysis of the underlying empirical distributions. 相似文献
132.
Jeffrey S. Applegate 《Clinical Social Work Journal》1984,12(3):233-243
The purpose of this article is to heighten clinicians awareness of the integrative potential of transitional phenomena in adolescent ego development. A review of the literature and presentation of clinical examples support the author's contention that adolescents may employ transitional phenomena to assist them through developmental turbulence reminiscent of original rap-prochement crises in early separation-individuation. An understanding of how adolescent clients may use transitional phenomena provides clinicians with an expanded perspective for differential assessment and intervention. 相似文献
133.
This paper reports an exploration of the structure of consumer confidence in four of the countries participating in the EEC harmonized consumer attitudes surveys. The analysis is based on two EEC surveys in each of the countries concerned and uses the rotated solutions on the first three factors of the data. It was found that the different countries and surveys had similar factor structures which were interpreted as general economic conditions: personal financial circumstances; household durable buying intentions. The position of price expectations and attitudes to saving within these factor structures is also of interest in the interpretation of consumer behaviour. 相似文献
134.
Jeffrey M. Albert Anant M. Kshirsagar 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》1993,35(3):345-357
This paper presents a method of discriminant analysis especially suited to longitudinal data. The approach is in the spirit of canonical variate analysis (CVA) and is similarly intended to reduce the dimensionality of multivariate data while retaining information about group differences. A drawback of CVA is that it does not take advantage of special structures that may be anticipated in certain types of data. For longitudinal data, it is often appropriate to specify a growth curve structure (as given, for example, in the model of Potthoff & Roy, 1964). The present paper focuses on this growth curve structure, utilizing it in a model-based approach to discriminant analysis. For this purpose the paper presents an extension of the reduced-rank regression model, referred to as the reduced-rank growth curve (RRGC) model. It estimates discriminant functions via maximum likelihood and gives a procedure for determining dimensionality. This methodology is exploratory only, and is illustrated by a well-known dataset from Grizzle & Allen (1969). 相似文献
135.
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137.
Objective. Using Poisson‐based negative binomial regression, we estimate the effect of neighborhood factors on homicides in two cities (San Antonio, Texas and San Diego, California) that have large Mexican‐origin populations. Methods. Three independent data sources (official homicide police reports, medical examiner records, and the U.S. Census) are used to construct the dependent homicide, and independent neighborhood, variables. Census tracts represent the unit of analysis, which serve as a proxy for neighborhoods. Given the spatial nature of the data, spatial estimation procedures were also modeled. Results. Spatial proximity to violence, neighborhood disadvantage, and affluence (in San Antonio) consistently buffered homicide across neighborhoods, even in heavily populated Latino neighborhoods. Conclusions. Spatial embeddedness and neighborhood characteristics are important for improving our understanding about ethnic neighborhood variations in levels of violence. Comparative approaches across places, namely, Latino‐dominated cities, can yield considerable insight into how the local context intersects race/ethnicity and violent crime. 相似文献
138.
J. F. Pickering 《Journal of Economic Psychology》1984,5(4):341-352
This article reviews the use of buying intentions anil purchase expectations data in consumer surveys and forecasts of the likely level of consumer demand. It notes the decline in their use and the disappointing experience where attempts have been made to use such information in time series forecasts. The stronger cross-sectional predictive performance is discussed and it is argued that this is of relevance to researchers and forecasters. Suggestions are made as to ways in which purchase expectations data might he more effectively collected and used in future. 相似文献
139.
Jeffrey S. Banks 《Social Choice and Welfare》1995,12(3):293-310
This paper characterizes acyclic preference aggregation rules under various combinations of monotonicity, neutrality, decisiveness, and anonymity, in the spirit of Nakamura's (1979) Theorem on the core of simple games. Each of these characterizations can be seen to follow from Ferejohn and Fishburn's (1979) result on acyclic aggregation rules assuming only independence of irrelevant alternatives. We then state as corollaries to these characterizations extant results such as Sen's (1970) liberal paradox, Blau and Deb's (1977) theorem on the existence of vetoers, and Brown's (1975) theorem on the non-emptiness of the collegium.I thank David Austen-Smith, Michel Le Breton, Maurice Salles, and two anonymous referees for numerous enlightening conversations and comments. I also thank the National Science Foundation and Sloan Foundation for generous financial assistance. 相似文献
140.