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111.
The effect of education on health has been increasing over the past several decades. We hypothesize that this increasing disparity
is related to health-related technical progress: more-educated people are the first to take advantage of technological advances
that improve health. We test this hypothesis using data on disease-specific mortality rates for 1980 and 1990, and cancer
registry data for 1973–1993. We estimate education gradients in mortality using compulsory schooling as a measure of education.
We then relate these gradients to two measures of health-related innovation: the number of active drug ingredients available
to treat a disease, and the rate of change in mortality from that disease. We find that more-educated individuals have a greater
survival advantage in those diseases for which there has been more health-related technological progress. 相似文献
112.
The objectives of the study are threefold: (1) to provide estimates of the total populations and spatial distributions of
different language groups in Turkey, (2) to test whether the commonly held belief that Turkish-speaking and Kurdish-speaking
populations are “actors” of different demographic regimes is true, and (3) to assess whether a process of integration, in
the form of intermarriage of Turks and Kurds is under way in Turkey. Data come mainly from the 2003 Turkish Demographic and
Health Survey (TDHS-2003). Based on the assumption that the mother tongue composition of women is also representative of that
of the whole population, the results of the TDHS-2003 imply that of the population of Turkey, 83% are Turkish-speaking, 14%
are Kurdish-speaking, 2% are Arabic-speaking and the remaining 1% belong to other language groups. Results show that despite
intensive internal migration movements in the last 50 years, strong demographic differentials exist between Turkish and Kurdish-speaking
populations, and that the convergence of the two groups does not appear to be a process under way. Turks and Kurds do indeed
appear to be actors of different demographic regimes, at different stages of demographic and health transition processes. 相似文献
113.
Social vulnerability and migration in the wake of disaster: the case of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This study explores the relationship between place-based social vulnerability and post-disaster migration in the U.S. Gulf
Coast region following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Using county-level data from the U.S. Census Bureau, we develop a regional
index of social vulnerability and examine how its various dimensions are related to migration patterns in the wake of the
storms. Our results show that places characterized by greater proportions of disadvantaged populations, housing damage, and,
to a lesser degree, more densely built environments were significantly more likely to experience outmigration following the
hurricanes. Our results also show that these relationships were not spatially random, but rather exhibited significant geographic
clustering. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for future research and public policy. 相似文献
114.
This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to test the hypotheses that (1) similar to other
positive pre- and post-natal outcomes, Mexican immigrant mothers are more likely to breastfeed, and to breastfeed longer,
than white or Mexican-American mothers; and (2) acculturation accounts for the ethnic/nativity differential in breastfeeding
initiation and duration. The results support both hypotheses. Mexican immigrants to the U.S. are much more likely than whites
to breastfeed, and to breastfeed longer. Mexican-American mothers, after controlling for background characteristics, have
similar initiation and duration to whites. Using expanded acculturation measures developed for this paper, acculturation accounts
for some of the difference between whites and Mexican immigrants in breastfeeding initiation, and much of the difference for
breastfeeding duration. The results suggest that low levels of acculturation operate to protect Mexican immigrants from choosing
to formula-feed, which gives their babies many health advantages, and may be associated with better health outcomes across
the life course. The results also suggest that successive generations of Mexican immigrants may abandon breastfeeding, which
is deleterious for their infants. 相似文献
115.
Ann Morning 《Population research and policy review》2008,27(2):239-272
Academic interest in official systems of racial and ethnic classification has grown in recent years, but most research on
such census categories has been limited to small case studies or regional surveys. In contrast, this article analyzes a uniquely
global data set compiled by the United Nations Statistical Division to survey the approaches to ethnic enumeration taken in
141 countries. The motives for this analysis combine theoretical, applied, and policy objectives. I find that 63% of the national
censuses studied incorporate some form of ethnic enumeration, but their question and answer formats vary along several dimensions
that betray diverse conceptualizations of ethnicity (for example, as “race” or “nationality”). Moreover, these formats follow
notably regional patterns. Nonetheless, the variety of approaches can be grouped into a basic taxonomy of ethnic classification
approaches, suggesting greater commonality in worldwide manifestations of the ethnicity concept than some have recognized.
相似文献
Ann MorningEmail: |
116.
Myron P. Gutmann Kristine Witkowski Corey Colyer JoAnne McFarland O’Rourke James McNally 《Population research and policy review》2008,27(6):639-665
Spatially explicit data pose a series of opportunities and challenges for all the actors involved in providing data for long-term
preservation and secondary analysis—the data producer, the data archive, and the data user. We report on opportunities and
challenges for each of the three players, and then turn to a summary of current thinking about how best to prepare, archive,
disseminate, and make use of social science data that have spatially explicit identification. The core issue that runs through
the paper is the risk of the disclosure of the identity of respondents. If we know where they live, where they work, or where
they own property, it is possible to find out who they are. Those involved in collecting, archiving, and using data need to
be aware of the risks of disclosure and become familiar with best practices to avoid disclosures that will be harmful to respondents.
相似文献
Myron P. GutmannEmail: |
117.
作为行政权行使过程中一项相对独立的法律制度,行政强制执行必须遵守下列原则:人权原则、法治原则、比例原则、制衡原则、正当程序原则、救济原则、合作与协作相结合原则。 相似文献
118.
邱文山 《山东理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2007,23(5):62-65
春秋时期,管仲以其卓越的胆识,辅佐齐桓公对齐国的政治、经济、军事等诸多方面进行了全方位的改革。正是由于这种全方位的改革,使齐国的内政和外交呈现出崭新的面貌,同时也使齐桓公成为春秋首霸,成就了"九合诸侯,一匡天下"的伟业。 相似文献
119.
信息公开制度是政治文明建设的重要方面,是政治民主的具体体现。美国是世界上较早公开政府信息的国家之一,自20世纪30年代起,其行政部门信息公开一直成为社会关注的焦点,在60年代取得了突破性的进展。1966年《信息自由法》通过后,各种促进和保障行政部门信息有效利用的法规相继出台,使行政部门信息公开制度不断完善。美国公众和企业可以从政府有关部门获取有效信息,促进了社会的信息化,对美国经济和社会发展起到积极作用。 相似文献
120.
M-quantile models with application to poverty mapping 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nikos Tzavidis Nicola Salvati Monica Pratesi Ray Chambers 《Statistical Methods and Applications》2008,17(3):393-411
Over the last decade there has been growing demand for estimates of population characteristics at small area level. Unfortunately,
cost constraints in the design of sample surveys lead to small sample sizes within these areas and as a result direct estimation,
using only the survey data, is inappropriate since it yields estimates with unacceptable levels of precision. Small area models
are designed to tackle the small sample size problem. The most popular class of models for small area estimation is random
effects models that include random area effects to account for between area variations. However, such models also depend on
strong distributional assumptions, require a formal specification of the random part of the model and do not easily allow
for outlier robust inference. An alternative approach to small area estimation that is based on the use of M-quantile models
was recently proposed by Chambers and Tzavidis (Biometrika 93(2):255–268, 2006) and Tzavidis and Chambers (Robust prediction
of small area means and distributions. Working paper, 2007). Unlike traditional random effects models, M-quantile models do
not depend on strong distributional assumption and automatically provide outlier robust inference. In this paper we illustrate
for the first time how M-quantile models can be practically employed for deriving small area estimates of poverty and inequality.
The methodology we propose improves the traditional poverty mapping methods in the following ways: (a) it enables the estimation
of the distribution function of the study variable within the small area of interest both under an M-quantile and a random
effects model, (b) it provides analytical, instead of empirical, estimation of the mean squared error of the M-quantile small
area mean estimates and (c) it employs a robust to outliers estimation method. The methodology is applied to data from the
2002 Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) in Albania for estimating (a) district level estimates of the incidence of
poverty in Albania, (b) district level inequality measures and (c) the distribution function of household per-capita consumption
expenditure in each district. Small area estimates of poverty and inequality show that the poorest Albanian districts are
in the mountainous regions (north and north east) with the wealthiest districts, which are also linked with high levels of
inequality, in the coastal (south west) and southern part of country. We discuss the practical advantages of our methodology
and note the consistency of our results with results from previous studies. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the M-quantile
estimation framework through design-based simulations based on two realistic survey data sets containing small area information
and show that the M-quantile approach may be preferable when the aim is to estimate the small area distribution function. 相似文献