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71.
Simon J. T. Pollard Ray V. Kemp Mark Crawford Raquel Duarte-Davidson James G. Irwin Roger Yearsley 《Risk analysis》2004,24(6):1551-1560
Environmental policymakers and regulators are often in the position of having to prioritize their actions across a diverse range of environmental pressures to secure environmental protection and improvements. Information on environmental issues to inform this type of strategic analysis can be disparate; it may be too voluminous or even absent. Data on a range of issues are rarely presented in a common format that allows easy analysis and comparison. Nevertheless, judgments are required on the significance of various environmental pressures and on the inherent uncertainties to inform strategic assessments such as “state of the environment” reports. How can decisionmakers go about this type of strategic and comparative risk analysis? In an attempt to provide practical tools for the analysis of environmental risks at a strategic level, the Environment Agency of England and Wales has conducted a program of developmental research on strategic risk assessment since 1996. The tools developed under this program use the concept of “environmental harm” as a common metric, viewed from technical, social, and economic perspectives, to analyze impacts from a range of environmental pressures. Critical to an informed debate on the relative importance of these perspectives is an understanding and analysis of the various characteristics of harm (spatial and temporal extent, reversibility, latency, etc.) and of the social response to actual or potential environmental harm from a range of hazards. Recent developments in our approach, described herein, allow a presentation of the analysis in a structured fashion so as to better inform risk‐management decisions. 相似文献
72.
Jo An M. Zimmermann Bonnie W. Stevens Brenda J. Thames Christopher M. Sieverdes Gwynn M. Powell 《Nonprofit management & leadership》2003,14(1):79-91
Rapid growth in the number of nonprofits has created a shortage of trained staff and experienced volunteer leadership for nonprofit organizations. The Nonprofit Education Initiative (NEI) in South Carolina developed the DIRECTIONS nonprofit resource assessment model to provide tools to help nonprofits better meet the challenges facing our communities—tools that will help nonprofits develop effective plans, integrate resources, diversify revenue, communicate effective messages, and motivate constituents. These tools are also inexpensive and available close to home. The research and development process was a cooperative effort between the Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management and Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service, with funding from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Cooperative Extension is a component of the land grant university system, the largest educational delivery system in the world. Cooperative Extension's role is to plan, execute, deliver, and evaluate learning programs consistent with locally identified needs. It helps people acquire the understanding, capabilities, attitudes, and skills essential to solving farm, home, and community problems. This article gives a background of the challenges facing nonprofit organizations in South Carolina, the steps taken to develop this new assessment model, and results of research conducted throughout the development process. 相似文献
73.
Jo Carroll 《Child Abuse Review》1994,3(1):6-14
A review of the available research shows that children who witness violence between their parents have emotional and behavioural difficulties that mirror those of children currently identified as being abused. It is not clear whether these difficulties stem from the violence itself or the insecurity common in such families. However, current understanding of the experience of trauma suggests that some of these children are traumatized by the scenes they witness. Thus they fulfil the criteria for suffering from ‘significant harm’, within the guidelines of the Children Act. Current models of intervention in other areas of identified abuse could be applied to these children, offering adequate protection from further harm. 相似文献
74.
Two probabilistic model induction techniques, cart and constructor, are compared, via a series of experiments, in terms of their ability to induce models that are both interpretable and predictive. The experiments show that, although both algorithms are able to deliver classifiers with predictive performance close to that of the optimal Bayes rule,constructor is able to generate a probabilistic model that is more easily interpretable than the cart model. On the other hand, cart is a more mature algorithm and is capable of handling many more situations (e.g., real-valued training sets) thanconstructor. A variety of characteristics of both algorithms are compared, and suggestions for future research are made. 相似文献
75.
Sara A. M. Axtell Ann W. Garwick Joän Patterson Forrest C. Bennett Robert Wm. Blum 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》1995,16(4):395-411
Data about health and educational services were collected from 187 families with young children (under two years) who have
chronic illnesses and disabilities. The purpose was to assess parents' satisfaction with services their families received
and to identify families' unmet service needs as well as the reasons for these unmet needs. Although families' ratings of
the adequacy of services are relatively high, 28% of the families report unmet service needs. The unmet needs most often reported
are occupational, physical, or speech therapy; respite care/child care; and special education. Lack of funding is the most
commonly given reason for unmet needs. Children with multiple impairments are at highest risk for unmet needs. Only 22% of
unmet needs reported at the initial interview have been met by the time of the six-month follow-up. Increased coordination
and monitoring of services across service sectors are indicated.
Her research interests include the effects of disability on family identity and families' responses to minority stress. She
received her Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. She gratefully acknowledges Shelley Blazis and Nadav Casuto for statistical
consulting.
Her research interests focus on the impact of chronic illness and disability on families. She received her Ph.D. from the
University of Minnesota.
Her research interests include families and health and chronic illness and disability in children. She received her Ph.D.
in Family Social Science at the University of Minnesota.
His areas of interest include neurodevelopmental outcomes of low birth weight infants and training in developmental pediatrics.
He was graduated from the University of Minnesota Medical School.
His areas of interest include adolescents with chronic illness and disabilities, adolescent sexual decision making, and international
adolescent health care issues. He was graduated from Howard University College of Medicine was awarded his earned doctorate
in Health Policy from the University of Minnesota.
Preparation of this article was supported by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Grant #H133890012. 相似文献
76.
The study of planning and policy-making in rural areas has tended to follow conventional lines of approach until quite recently. Although not atheoretical in nature, there has been a lack of regard to the political processes involved in policy-making and decision-making and a crucial lack of interest in the context within which such processes occur. Rather, research has taken an inherently positivist and largely pragmatic road towards the study of rural policy. It is argued in this paper that concepts and theories of the state generated largely in urban and regional contexts, provide a very necessary backcloth for the study of policy in rural areas. Unless the form, function and mechanisms of the state are fully appreciated, research into policy-making and planning will be dogged by inherent but largely untested assumptions concerning why policies are made, and on whose behalf they are implemented. 相似文献
77.
It is argued that the theory of negotiated order, which has remained largely submerged within a series of fairly specific “grounded” case studies of occupations, professions, and complex organizations in the health field, has a number of attractive qualities to it. As such, it represents one of the more exciting recent developments in the study of organizations The present paper examines the more recent historical origins of the theory, summarizes its major points, and critically assesses its strengths and weaknesses. Since most of the substance of the theory is found in studies of health professionals working in hospital settings, the examples used here are also derived from this particular body of literature. Some future possible directions which we believe will improve the overall explanatory power of the perspective are presented in the concluding section. 相似文献
78.
Phelan JC 《Journal of health and social behavior》2005,46(4):307-322
One likely consequence of the genetics revolution is an increased tendency to understand human behavior in genetic terms. How might this "geneticization" affect stigma? Attribution theory predicts a reduction in stigma via reduced blame, anger, and punishment and increased sympathy and help. According to "genetic essentialist" thinking, genes are the basis of human identity and strongly deterministic of behavior. If such ideas are commonly accepted, geneticization should exacerbate stigma by increasing perceptions of differentness, persistence, seriousness, and transmissibility, which in turn should increase social distance and reproductive restrictiveness. I test these predictions using the case of mental illness and a vignette experiment embedded in a nationally representative survey. There was little support for attribution theory predictions. Consistent with genetic essentialism, genetic attributions increased the perceived seriousness and persistence of the mental illness and the belief that siblings and children would develop the same problem. Genetic attribution did not affect reproductive restrictiveness or social distance from the ill person but did increase social distance from the person's sibling, particularly regarding intimate forms of contact involving dating, marriage, and having children. 相似文献
79.
80.
Qualitative studies of alcohol's ritual influences indicate that college undergraduates who drink heavily tend to view alcohol use as integral to the student role and feel entitled to drink irresponsibly. Our analyses, based on a standardized measure of these beliefs administered to approximately 300 students, confirmed these findings. Among our sample, beliefs about alcohol and the college experience had an effect on levels of alcohol consumption similar in magnitude to that of other variables commonly associated with a risk for heavy drinking. Moreover, the alcohol beliefs index moderated the effects of three risk factors--gender, high school drinking, and friends' use of alcohol--on respondents' drinking behaviors. These findings are discussed within the context of the anthropological literature on liminality and rites of passage and with regard to strategies for intervention that address the structural roots of the widespread abuse of alcohol on college campuses. 相似文献