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401.
Self-reported health is a key quality-of-life measure affected by well-known cognitive biases, such as adaptation (or anchoring to past health conditions) along with a socio-economic vector. There are good reasons to think that both effects heterogeneously impact the health distribution. This paper carries on empirical exercise to test whether the effects of adaptation and income are indeed, affected by individual heterogeneity. We use a continuous scale of health (the Visual Analogue Scale or VAS) and ex-post evaluations of the individual health status to capture adaptation using quantile regression. Our findings suggest that adaptation effects exhibit an inverse U-shaped form, more common in the median of the health distribution. Income effects exhibit a marked and non-linear impact at low quantiles. This is consistent with the hypothesis that income investments for relatively healthy people translate into very moderate effects on health. Health changes evaluated by the median individual are relatively more affected by adaptation. 相似文献
402.
From glass ceiling to inequality regimes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Joan Acker 《Sociologie du Travail》2009,51(2):199
Women are extremely under-represented in top management and professional positions in all countries, although cross-national variations exist. Women from minority ethnic and racial groups suffer from greater under-representation than do majority group women. The “Glass Ceiling” is a metaphor that describes the gender barriers that produce these patterns. This article suggests that “Inequality Regimes” is a more accurate metaphor, as it stands for gender, race and class barriers that obstruct women's opportunities for advancement at all levels of organizational hierarchy. The article discusses the components of inequality regimes and briefly assesses some efforts to change these practices. 相似文献
403.
Christina Nilsson Joan Lalor Cecily Begley Margaret Carroll Mechthild M. Gross Susanne Grylka-Baeschlin Ingela Lundgren Andrea Matterne Sandra Morano Jane Nicoletti Patricia Healy 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(6):481-490
Problem and background
Vaginal birth after caesarean section is a safe option for the majority of women. Seeking women’s views can be of help in understanding factors of importance for achieving vaginal birth in countries where the vaginal birth rates after caesarean is low.Aim
To investigate women’s views on important factors to improve the rate of vaginal birth after caesareanin countries where vaginal birth rates after previous caesarean are low.Methods
A qualitative study using content analysis. Data were gathered through focus groups and individual interviews with 51 women, in their native languages, in Germany, Ireland and Italy. The women were asked five questions about vaginal birth after caesarean. Data were translated to English, analysed together and finally validated in each country.Findings
Important factors for the women were that all involved in caring for them were of the same opinion about vaginal birth after caesarean, that they experience shared decision-making with clinicians supportive of vaginal birth, receive correct information, are sufficiently prepared for a vaginal birth, and experience a culture that supports vaginal birth after caesarean.Discussion and conclusion
Women’s decision-making about vaginal birth after caesarean in these countries involves a complex, multidimensional interplay of medical, psychosocial, cultural, personal and practical considerations. Further research is needed to explore if the information deficit women report negatively affects their ability to make informed choices, and to understand what matters most to women when making decisions about vaginal birth after a previous caesarean as a mode of birth. 相似文献404.
Joan H. Robinson 《The British journal of sociology》2020,71(3):460-473
Is the test result positive or negative? Tests that occur in labs and doctors’ offices pose specific questions to try to obtain specific information. But what happens in the social world when these tests never see the inside of a lab or doctor's office, and instead they are used in a house, in a Walmart bathroom, or in a dormitory bathroom stall? Putting the diagnosis aside, what does the presence of these tests do to social life? This paper examines one such test, the home pregnancy test, and specifically, its use in contemporary intimate life of people who do not want to be pregnant. Pregnancy tests test for pregnancy. But what else is the pregnancy test putting to the test? To investigate this, I spent 8 years studying American pregnancy tests using a qualitative mixed methods approach. This paper draws on some of my research materials, specifically, 85 life history interviews. Each participant was asked to recall, in full, all of their experiences with home pregnancy tests throughout their lives, resulting in well over 300 narratives of home pregnancy test usage which I qualitatively analyzed. I find that more than just a test for a pregnancy, the use of the home pregnancy test is a test of roles, relationships, and responsibilities in social life. These findings suggest implications for social life as more biomedical tests move out of the purview of the medical establishment. 相似文献
405.
Gender Issues - Based upon social structural accounts of mate preferences and career interest, it is often suggested that women avoid high status, traditionally masculine careers such as those in... 相似文献
406.
407.
Biased health care decision making has been regarded as responsible for inefficient behaviours (for example, the limited insurance
purchase). This paper empirically examines two sets of biases in the perception of old age disability and longevity. Particularly,
we test for the existence of a so called cumulative bias and, secondly’ a so called optimism’ bias. Findings are suggestive
of a significant overestimation of disability risks but no overestimation of longevity expectations is found. Both disability
and longevity perceptions appear to exhibit a ‘cumulative’ pattern when mapped over time. Healthier individuals are less likely
to perceive high disability and longevity risks whilst female and younger respondents perceive a higher risk of disability
in old age at a population level but not at an individual level. 相似文献
408.
This study developed dose response models for determining the probability of eye or central nervous system infections from previously conducted studies using different strains of Acanthamoeba spp. The data were a result of animal experiments using mice and rats exposed corneally and intranasally to the pathogens. The corneal inoculations of Acanthamoeba isolate Ac 118 included varied amounts of Corynebacterium xerosis and were best fit by the exponential model. Virulence increased with higher levels of C. xerosis. The Acanthamoeba culbertsoni intranasal study with death as an endpoint of response was best fit by the beta‐Poisson model. The HN‐3 strain of A. castellanii was studied with an intranasal exposure and three different endpoints of response. For all three studies, the exponential model was the best fit. A model based on pooling data sets of the intranasal exposure and death endpoint resulted in an LD50 of 19,357 amebae. The dose response models developed in this study are an important step towards characterizing the risk associated with free‐living amoeba like Acanthamoeba in drinking water distribution systems. Understanding the human health risk posed by free‐living amoeba will allow for quantitative microbial risk assessments that support building design decisions to minimize opportunities for pathogen growth and survival. 相似文献
409.
410.
Sewon Kim Joan P. Yoo Meejung Chin Hwa Jung Jang Hyun‐Soo Kim Sang‐Gyun Lee Bong Joo Lee 《Asian Social Work and Policy Review》2019,13(1):100-116
While a high prevalence of child neglect cases has been reported by Child Protective Services (CPS) in Western countries, child neglect cases reported to South Korea's Child Protection Agency (CPA) present different trends than those in Western countries. Nevertheless, child neglect is an understudied area within child welfare. Thus, a need exists to investigate the unique characteristics of child neglect cases substantiated by the CPA in Korea. This study investigates the unique characteristics of child neglect cases and examines how factors associated with the resubstantiation of these cases differ from those of other maltreatment cases. Using CPA administrative data, we employed a multilevel discrete‐time hazard analysis to analyze the risk and protective factors associated with the resubstantiation of child neglect cases and compared the results with other maltreatment cases. In both cases, younger children, perpetrators with alcohol problems, families receiving welfare, and months of agency operation were associated with resubstantiation. For child neglect cases, the provision of child and parent services, and CPAs located in metropolitan area were protective factors that reduced the risk of resubstantiation. The finding in this study highlights the need to expand the provision of services to child neglect cases to prevent resubstantiation. 相似文献