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The internet enables analysts to better track rumors and contemporary legends through time and space. Comments about sex bracelets reveal waves of concentrated attention; the spread of particular variants display a similar pattern. The diffusion of such stories reflects constructions of childhood and adolescent sexuality as social problems. 相似文献
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The Value of a Probability Forecast from Portfolio Theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. J. Johnstone 《Theory and Decision》2007,63(2):153-203
A probability forecast scored ex post using a probability scoring rule (e.g. Brier) is analogous to a risky financial security. With only superficial adaptation,
the same economic logic by which securities are valued ex ante – in particular, portfolio theory and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) – applies to the valuation of probability forecasts.
Each available forecast of a given event is valued relative to each other and to the “market” (all available forecasts). A
forecast is seen to be more valuable the higher its expected score and the lower the covariance of its score with the market
aggregate score. Forecasts that score highly in trials when others do poorly are appreciated more than those with equal success
in “easy” trials where most forecasts score well. The CAPM defines economically rational (equilibrium) forecast prices at
which forecasters can trade shares in each other’s ex post score – or associated monetary payoff – thereby balancing forecast risk against return and ultimately forming optimally hedged
portfolios. Hedging this way offers risk averse forecasters an “honest” alternative to the ruse of reporting conservative
probability assessments. 相似文献
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In this paper we test the hypothesis that monophthongal /aw/ is semiotically associated with local identity in Pittsburgh. We compare results of an experimental task that directly elicits participants' sense of the indexical value of /aw/‐monophthongization with the occurrence of this variant in the same people's speech. People who hear monophthongal /aw/ as an index of localness are unlikely to have this feature in their own speech, and many of the people who do monophthongize /aw/ do not associate this variant with localness. Exploring how four of these participants talk about this feature and its meanings, we show that the indexical meanings of speech features can vary widely within a community, and we illustrate the danger of confusing the meaning assigned by hearers to a linguistic form with the meaning users would assign to it. We suggest that a phenomenological approach, attending to the multiplicity and indeterminacy of indexical relations and to how such relations arise historically and in lived experience, can lead to a more nuanced account of the distribution of social meanings of variant forms than can studies of perception or production alone. 相似文献
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Authors Index
Index of Authors Volume 56, 2001 相似文献8.
David Johnstone 《Theory and Decision》2007,62(1):47-96
Simulation evidence obtained within a Bayesian model of price-setting in a betting market, where anonymous gamblers queue
to bet against a risk-neutral bookmaker, suggests that a gambler who wants to maximize future profits should trade on the
advice of the analyst cum probability forecaster who records the best probability score, rather than the highest trading profits, during the preceding
observation period. In general, probability scoring rules, specifically the log score and better known “Brier” (quadratic)
score, are found to have higher probability of ranking rival analysts in predetermined “correct” order than either (i) the
more usual method of counting categorical forecast errors (misclassifications), or (ii) an economic measure of forecasting
success, described here as the “Kelly score” and defined as the trading profits accumulated by making log optimal bets (i.e.
Kelly betting) against the market maker based on the probability forecasts of the analyst being assessed. This runs counter
to the conventional wisdom that financial forecasts are more aptly evaluated in terms of their financial consequences than
by an abstract non-monetary measure of statistical accuracy such as the number of misclassifications or a probability score.
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This paper considers a large matched employee–employer data set to estimate a model of organizational commitment. In particular, it focuses on the role of firm size and management formality to explain organizational commitment in British small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) with high and low levels of employee satisfaction. It is shown that size ‘in itself’ can explain differences in organizational commitment, and that organizational commitment tends to be higher in organizations with high employee satisfaction compared with organizations of similar size with low employee satisfaction. Crucially, the results suggest that formal human resource (HR) practices can be used as important tools to increase commitment and thus, potentially, effort and performance within underperforming SMEs with low employee satisfaction. However, formal HR practices commonly used by large firms may be unnecessary in SMEs which benefit from high employee satisfaction and positive employment relations within a context of informality. 相似文献