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811.
Jonathan H. Turner 《Sociological inquiry》2010,80(2):168-199
Like all valued resources, positive and negative emotions are unequally distributed in a society and constitute an important basis of social stratification. In this article, a general conceptual scheme and a more specific theory of emotions are employed to offer a preliminary explanation of the dynamics of emotional stratification. This theory attempts to explain which specific positive and negative emotions will be aroused and distributed across the social class system as well as among members of differentially evaluated social categories. The theory emphasizes the importance of repression and subsequent attribution processes as central to understanding the nature, intensity, and distribution of negative emotions among individuals in lower social classes and devalued social categories. By viewing emotions as not just reactions to the unequal distribution of other resources but, rather, as a valued or punishing resource in their own right, it becomes possible to better understand how micro‐level dynamics occurring in face‐to‐face encounters are affected by, and have effects on, meso‐level and macro‐level social structures and their respective cultures. In particular, the distribution of emotions can help account for both the processes of legitimatization of macrostructures and, at the same time, de‐legitimization of, and collective action against, macrostructures. This analysis of emotions questions much recent theorizing and commentary, often within postmodern analysis, about the authenticity of people’s emotions in contemporary society. The stratification of emotions is as real as inequality in money and power, and it has significant effects on the dynamics of human societies. 相似文献
812.
In keeping with recent critiques of literature on the body and the life course, the argument of this paper is that social identities can, to a certain extent, be constructed post‐mortem and in the absence of a living body. The authors make this case with reference to a sociological autopsy study of a hundred suicide case files in a coroner's office in a medium‐sized British city. The research draws on ethnographic approaches to the study of documents. There is discussion of some of the diverse artefacts in the coroners' files: medical reports, witness statements and suicide notes. The identity work revealed in these sources is as much about the living as the dead and is especially bound up in the process of avoiding blame. 相似文献
813.
Jonathan R. Wynn 《Sociological Forum》2009,24(2):448-456
In this essay, I use my own research experiences to address a critical intersection between technology and sociology. I suggest that thinking reflexively about technology might enhance both how sociologists do research and how they teach about it. 相似文献
814.
Assessing speech discrimination skills in individual infants from clinical populations (e.g., infants with hearing impairment) has important diagnostic value. However, most infant speech discrimination paradigms have been designed to test group effects rather than individual differences. Other procedures suffer from high attrition rates. In this study, we developed 4 variants of the Visual Habituation Procedure (VHP) and assessed their robustness in detecting individual 9‐month‐old infants' ability to discriminate highly contrastive nonwords. In each variant, infants were first habituated to audiovisual repetitions of a nonword (seepug) before entering the test phase. The test phase in Experiment 1 (extended variant) consisted of 7 old trials (seepug) and 7 novel trials (boodup) in alternating order. In Experiment 2, we tested 3 novel variants that incorporated methodological features of other behavioral paradigms. For the oddity variant, only 4 novel trials and 10 old trials were used. The stimulus alternation variant was identical to the extended variant except that novel trials were replaced with “alternating” trials—trials that contained repetitions of both the old and novel nonwords. The hybrid variant incorporated elements from both the oddity and the stimulus alternation variants. The hybrid variant proved to be the most successful in detecting statistically significant discrimination in individual infants (8 out of 10), suggesting that both the oddity and the stimulus alternation features contribute to providing a robust methodology for assessing discrimination in individual infants. In Experiment 3, we found that the hybrid variant had good test‐retest reliability. Implications of these results for future infant speech perception work with clinical populations are discussed. 相似文献
815.
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is an important computational technique for generating samples from non-standard probability
distributions. A major challenge in the design of practical MCMC samplers is to achieve efficient convergence and mixing properties.
One way to accelerate convergence and mixing is to adapt the proposal distribution in light of previously sampled points,
thus increasing the probability of acceptance. In this paper, we propose two new adaptive MCMC algorithms based on the Independent
Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. In the first, we adjust the proposal to minimize an estimate of the cross-entropy between the
target and proposal distributions, using the experience of pre-runs. This approach provides a general technique for deriving
natural adaptive formulae. The second approach uses multiple parallel chains, and involves updating chains individually, then
updating a proposal density by fitting a Bayesian model to the population. An important feature of this approach is that adapting
the proposal does not change the limiting distributions of the chains. Consequently, the adaptive phase of the sampler can
be continued indefinitely. We include results of numerical experiments indicating that the new algorithms compete well with
traditional Metropolis–Hastings algorithms. We also demonstrate the method for a realistic problem arising in Comparative
Genomics. 相似文献
816.
Jonathan I. Levy 《Risk analysis》2008,28(6):1507-1513
Although cumulative risk assessment by definition evaluates the joint effects of chemical and nonchemical stressors, studies to date have not considered both dimensions, in part because toxicological studies cannot capture many stressors of interest. Epidemiology can potentially include all relevant stressors, but developing and extracting the necessary information is challenging given some of the inherent limitations of epidemiology. In this article, I propose a conceptual framework within which epidemiological studies could be evaluated for their inclusion into cumulative risk assessment, including a problem formulation/planning and scoping step that focuses on stressors meaningful for risk management decisions, extension of the chemical mixtures framework to include nonchemical stressors, and formal consideration of vulnerability characteristics of the population. In the long term, broadening the applicability and informativeness of cumulative risk assessment will require enhanced communication and collaboration between epidemiologists and risk assessors, in which the structure of social and environmental epidemiological analyses may be informed in part by the needs of cumulative risk assessment. 相似文献
817.
Jonathan E. Sanford 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2004,22(1):31-40
The World Bank is to forgive $12.24 billion in IDA debt payments from HIPC borrowers. It has received $1 billion from the HIPC Trust Fund to help offset these losses, but still has a $11.6 billion unfunded liability. The IMF has gold worth $38 billion on hand for which it has no actual use. This article proposes that a small portion of IMF gold be sold annually, just enough to offset IDA's annual HIPC deficit, over the next twenty years. The new money would be additional and predictable, and would eliminate the prospect that IDA would have to cut back its future flow of aid because the HIPC programme had drained its resources. 相似文献
818.
This paper examines and evaluates the applicability of the Miles and Snow organizational strategy, structure and process model to the electricity distribution and supply industry of England and Wales (ESI), and specifically the regional electricity companies (RECs). In the past such generic strategy models have principally been applied to industries that conform to the traditional free-market paradigm, and doubt has been cast upon their applicability in non-traditional environments. This paper argues in contrast that generic strategies are of considerable value in the regulated industries, especially those developing new strategies to address major change, such as the approach of full competition. As a feature of this process, the paper also examines some of the differences and similarities between the ESI and the traditional free-market paradigm. However, having argued for the use of such strategies, it is necessary to make various amendments to enhance the applicability of the model. These amendments and the characteristics of new generic strategies are described. 相似文献
819.
Jonathan J. Forster Emily L. Webb 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics》2007,56(5):551-570
Summary. We propose an approach for assessing the risk of individual identification in the release of categorical data. This requires the accurate calculation of predictive probabilities for those cells in a contingency table which have small sample frequencies, making the problem somewhat different from usual contingency table estimation, where interest is generally focused on regions of high probability. Our approach is Bayesian and provides posterior predictive probabilities of identification risk. By incorporating model uncertainty in our analysis, we can provide more realistic estimates of disclosure risk for individual cell counts than are provided by methods which ignore the multivariate structure of the data set. 相似文献
820.
The Gaussian rank correlation equals the usual correlation coefficient computed from the normal scores of the data. Although
its influence function is unbounded, it still has attractive robustness properties. In particular, its breakdown point is
above 12%. Moreover, the estimator is consistent and asymptotically efficient at the normal distribution. The correlation
matrix obtained from pairwise Gaussian rank correlations is always positive semidefinite, and very easy to compute, also in
high dimensions. We compare the properties of the Gaussian rank correlation with the popular Kendall and Spearman correlation
measures. A simulation study confirms the good efficiency and robustness properties of the Gaussian rank correlation. In the
empirical application, we show how it can be used for multivariate outlier detection based on robust principal component analysis. 相似文献