日本的魅力——评《Z理论》和《日本的管理艺术》

1981年下半年,两本论述企业管理的专著:W.尾内著的《Z理论》和R.帕斯卡尔、A.阿索斯合著的《日本的管理艺术》成了美国的畅销书,这在美国出版界是罕见的,而所谓“Z理论”也风行一时。W.尾内是美国加利福尼亚大学教授,按照他的观点,日本的企业组织形式(J型)表现出同质、稳定、富有集体主叉的和谐精神,并采用事实上的终身雇佣制度。而美国企业的组织形式(A型)则表现为异质、流动、人和人之间的联系意识薄弱、缺乏相互间的亲密感、更富于个人主义的色彩。尾内把自发掌握了日本企业经营特点的美国企业组织称为Z型企业组织,从而提出了与D.麦格雷戈的“X理论”和“Y理论”既有区别又有联系的“Z理论”(X理论的观点认为,人从根本上说是懒惰的、无责任心的,因而需要不断加以监督;Y理论的观点认为人的本性是勤劳的、责任心强的,因而需要激励和赞扬这样的本性)。《Z理论》和《日本的管理艺术》两书引人瞩目,从一个侧面反映了当前美国有不少人要求对不合理的旧的企业管理制度进行改革的愿望。但对此理论持不同看法的也大有人在。有人认为,《Z理论》中提到的管理方法不符合美国国情;有人甚至完全否定日本的企业管理方法。下面,我们分别译介法国和美国报刊上对这两本书的两种不同的评介。     

人体健康问题的哲学——方法论方面

虽然生活条件有改善,世界许多国家的保健费已超过社会产品的增长,但是在本世纪的第三个四分之一年代,健康问题已成为最尖锐的问题。1980年,我国住院治疗的人数为6,260万(约每4人中有1人住院),就医人次为27亿(约每人就医10次),“急救站”救护8,000万次(几乎每3人中就有1人)。所援引的数字,一方面说明医疗保障数量大增,另一方面也说     

爱因斯坦的社会政治观点

列宁在《论战斗唯物主义的意义》一文中称阿·爱因斯坦为伟大的自然科学革新家,而唯心主义者总想将爱因斯坦当作他们的同伙,“拚命抓住爱因斯坦不放”。资产阶级思想家引证自然科学家个别的、哲学上软弱无力的论断,千方百计想将他们变成自己的同盟者。因此必须从辩证唯物主义的立场仔细地研究他们的科学著作,研究他们的世界观和社会政治观点。     

道德教育的理论和实践

本文从两个方面论述道德教育:道德教育是共产主义教育体系的一个环节;道德教育本身的复杂性。一属于哲学范畴的伦理学是教育理论的方法论。历史表明,伦理学的主要对象就是道德教育。每种道德体系都有一个与它的阶级基础和时代的历史任务相适应的人的价值标准形象。处在这个形象中心的是对人、对人生意义、对人的社会地位的伦理哲学观体系。     

六十年代—七十年代民主德国社会政策文献中关于社会政策的理论问题

分析民主德国的社会政策,它的共性和特点,以及社会政策进一步发展的客观规律性,无论在实践上,还是在理论上,都是一个重大任务。必须指出,在研究确定六十年代-七十年代期间     

The queer sensitive interveners in the Little Sisters case: a response to Dr. Kendall

Three queer sensitive organizations intervened before the Supreme Court of Canada in Little Sisters v. Canada, a case that challenged whether and how Canada Customs treated cross border shipments to a gay and lesbian bookstore. This paper reviews the queer sensitive organizations' arguments on some of the issues in the case, especially the scope of obscenity law, and challenges misconceptions about their positions, including those presented in Dr. Kendall's paper (appearing in this volume).     

蒙古语族语言中的形动词体系

蒙古语中的动词有两种形式:人称动词,无人称动词。人称动词又被称为有人称结尾变化的动词,在句子中该动词与行为的主、客体都要发生关系,担当句子的谓语。蒙古语中动词有各种"式"的变化形式。无人称形式又称无结尾变化的动词形式,包括形动词和副动词两种。无人称动词不直接和行为主体发生关系,不能担当句子的谓语成分。这类动词借助主要行为动词,使动词和名词、副词发生关系。根据人或物体行为完成的方式和与他们的关系,形动词能够确定人或物体的特点,例如,蒙古语:унасанчулуу"正在落下的石头",миниишидсзнчулуун"被我抛出的石头",由此可以看出形动词在某种功能意义上与形容词的功能意义差不多,他们之间的主要的差别是:形容词说     

Food insufficiency and physical and mental health in a longitudinal survey of welfare recipients

Food insufficiency is a significant problem in the United States, and poor African American women with children are at especially high risk. An inadequate household food supply can potentially affect the well-being of household members, but it is difficult to distinguish the effects of food insufficiency from risk factors for poor health that are also common among the food insufficient, such as poverty. We examined food insufficiency and physical and mental health among African American and white women (n = 676) who were welfare recipients in 1997. Controlling for common risk factors, women who reported food insufficiency in both 1997 and 1998 were more likely to report fair or poor health at the later date. Food insufficiency in 1998 was significantly associated with meeting the diagnostic screening criteria for recent major depression. Food insufficiency at both times and in 1998 only was related to women's sense of mastery. These findings add to growing evidence that household food insufficiency is associated with poor physical and mental health.     

Staff & client perceptions of unit quality: a pilot study

This pilot study compared psychiatric health care team members' perceptions of unit quality with discharged clients' perceptions of quality of care received on the unit. The staff members were from four different service units in one acute care psychiatric facility. The study used the Perceptions of Unit Quality (PUQ) scale, a valid and reliable outcome measurement instrument, developed by Cronenwett. Most quality assurance instruments that exist have focused on individual caregivers' or service-specific views of quality, but the PUQ scale allows quality assurance data that represent team performance to be described through team perceptions of quality. Results of this pilot study suggest that use of the PUQ scale, in conjunction with clients' perceptions of unit quality, may be a legitimate approach in continuous quality improvement efforts in psychiatric-mental health care centers.     

The potential of the SSI program to reduce poverty among the elderly

Is it more effective to reduce poverty among the elderly by increasing the benefits paid by the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program or by increasing eligibility for the program? This paper answers that question from a policymaker's perspective. At given program cost levels, we compare the potential reduction in poverty from increasing benefit levels to the potential reduction associated with a variety of policy proposals that would increase eligibility for the program. This paper employs a microsimulation model containing an eligibility and benefits calculator, a participation model, and an optimization algorithm. The data are from the Survey of Income and Program Participation supplemented by the administrative records of the SSI program. The results show that increasing eligibility by relaxing the restrictions of the means tests can be more effective in reducing poverty than raising benefit levels.