Workplace safety assessment and injury prevention in hospital settings

Work-related injuries are becoming increasingly prevalent in hospital settings. These injuries are impacting all professionals providing services in the health care arena including nurses, physicians, and household cleaning employees. In order to reduce the number of worksite injuries, the hospital setting may benefit from ergonomic assessments, as well as safety education and prevention strategies. This paper describes the incidence and type of injuries as well as the related risks encountered by hospital personnel. Employers and employees may benefit from participating in the recommended ergonomic process in order to identify potential at-risk situations and prevent musculoskeletal injuries.     

Developing a game plan for good sportsmanship

It is widely believed in the United States that competition is beneficial for youngsters. However, the media are full of examples of players, fans, and coaches whose behavior veers out of control. There have been well-documented examples of youth in livestock competitions illegally medicating show animals to make them appear calmer, officials biasing their rulings toward a team that will take the most fans to a playoff game, and team rivalries that have become so caustic as to be dangerous for competitors and fans. A university extension and its partners created a program called "Great Fans. Great Sports." in order to teach the kinds of behaviors we wish to instill among all who are involved in competitions. It requires entire communities to develop and implement plans for enhancing sportsmanship in music, debate, drama, 4-H, and other arenas, as well as sports. The goal is to make good sportsmanship not the exception but the norm. The authors provide anecdotal evidence that "Great Fans. Great Sports." is having a positive impact on the attitudes and behaviors of competitors, fans, and communities.     

The longevity gender gap: are telomeres the explanation?

In this Perspective, we focus on the greater longevity of women as compared with men. We propose that, like aging itself, the longevity gender gap is exceedingly complex and argue that it may arise from sex-related hormonal differences and from somatic cell selection that favors cells more resistant to the ravages of time. We discuss the interplay of these factors with telomere biology and oxidative stress and suggest that an explanation for the longevity gender gap may arise from a better understanding of the differences in telomere dynamics between men and women.     

Parental divorce and subsequent disadvantage: A cross-cohort comparison

Although many studies have examined the link between parental divorce and subsequent well-being, some theories of the effects of divorce suggest that the negative associations should have declined over time. However, few studies have examined the extent to which the associations have remained stable over time. Using data from two British cohorts, we analyzed both shorter- and longer-term outcomes of children who experienced parental divorce and the extent to which the associations have changed over time. Estimating similar models for both cohorts, we found little evidence of any change in the size of the relationship as divorce became more commonplace.     

Labour-market status and first-time parenthood: the experience of immigrant women in Sweden, 1981-97

This paper investigates the impact of labour-market attachment on first births of foreign-born women in Sweden. The study uses a longitudinal, register-based dataset consisting of the entire population of immigrants from ten nations and a 5-per-cent random sample of natives. The effects of earned income are evident, with increased income levels increasing the probability of becoming a mother for all observed nationalities. The effects of various forms of participation and non-participation in the labour force do not vary greatly between immigrants and the Swedish-born. Among all subgroups, we find a higher propensity to begin childbearing among those who are established in the labour market. Contrary to popular belief, receiving welfare benefits clearly reduces first-birth intensity for immigrants but not for natives. The similarity in patterns across widely different national groups supports the notion that various institutional factors affecting all subgroups are crucial in influencing childbearing behaviour.     

国际关系史中的现实问题

当代世界政治中两大主要方面的斗争正在加剧:一方面是遏制军备竞赛、巩固和平与缓和、保卫各国人民主权与自由的方针,另一方面是破坏缓和、加紧军备竞赛的方针,恫吓与干涉别国内政、镇压解放斗争的政策。1977年苏联宪法中阐述的发达社会主义这一概念,对于深入研究近几十年来的苏联外交史具有重大的意义。1977年苏联宪法专门增加了“外交”     

是伦理学还是道德学?

伦理学的结构、伦理学同其他科学的相互关系、伦理学研究的方法以及实现伦理理论同实践联系的方法,讨论这些问题的时机确实是完全成熟了。原因可以归结为以下三点:1.现在马克思主义伦理学的对象已经有了重大变化。而且它从来也不是一成不变的,始终都受到时代的实际需要和伦理理论本身发展逻辑的影响。2.今天社会实践向马克思主义伦理学提     

科学知识数学化的哲学问题

一科学知识数学化举例所谓科学知识数学化就是数学思维的方法越来越广泛地成为一般科学的思维方法。在科学技术革命的条件下,数学在科学技术思想发展中的作用决不止于数学是科学上记录、加工和掌握实验事实的语言,是科学思想的速记术,是从基本科学原理演绎出结论的工具。二十世纪的数学是实验设计的最有效手段,是各种工艺过程的管理、调整和控制实现算法化的有