象雄语医学文献I.O.755试析

象雄语医学写卷Ⅰ.O.755出自敦煌莫高窟藏经洞,是目前所知最古老的象雄语医学文献实物.该文献正文共有120行42段,是用邬坚体藏文字母转写的.文章通过对该写卷字母、符号、书写,以及构词规则、句子结构等方面的初步分析,对写卷的特征作了全面的介绍,并排除梵、藏语文写本的可能性,倾向于认同其为象雄语写本.将其中部分词语与梵、藏语药名对比后,初步推断出写本中部分语词是药物名称,进而推测出写本中重复出现的部分词、句的含义.由此初步认定,该写本是包括41组医方的象雄语医药文献.     

马克思主义民族理论在新世纪的新发展--学习胡锦涛同志在中央民族工作会议上的重要讲话

胡锦涛同志在中央民族工作会议上的讲话,是新世纪新阶段我国民族工作的纲领性文件,是对党和国家的民族理论和政策一个新的丰富和发展,也是对马克思主义民族理论的新发展.     

人类学理论的批判、反思与自觉——《人类学的理论预设与建构》评介

所谓"日三省乎己"是中国古代哲人强调反省自我的重要性的精练表达.对于任何学科的发展来说,不断地反省学科的发展轨迹,反省在不同的发展阶段上不同的"学科范式"的意义以及局限性都是十分重要的.陈庆德教授等人合著的《人类学的理论预设与建构》(社会科学     

加拿大的土著民族

加拿大拥有100多个民族,在其3000多万总人口当中,土著人口为97.6万人。加拿大的土著人分为三部分,具体情况如下:一、印第安人印第安人是加拿大“第一民族”,共有60万人。①加拿大的印第安人被称为“第一民族”有三层意义:(1)印第安人是最早居住在现今加拿大境内的民族,大约在3万年前,印第安人即通过白令海峡大陆桥从亚洲进入现今的加拿大;(2)印第安人对加拿大建国做出了特殊的贡献;(3)印第安人具有独特的文化背景,拥有58种语言。早在哥伦布发现“新大陆”之前,那里的印第安人就有自己的社会政治组织,他们以游牧、务农和捕鱼为生,过着自给自…     

Abundance estimation with a categorical covariate subject to missing in continuous-time capture-recapture studies

Abstract

In continuous-time capture-recapture experiments, individual heterogeneity has a large effect on the capture probability. To account for the heterogeneity, we consider an individual covariate, which is categorical and subject to missing. In this article, we develop a general model to summarize three kinds of missing mechanisms, and propose a maximum likelihood estimator of the abundance. A likelihood ratio confidence interval of the abundance is also proposed. We illustrate the proposed methods by simulation studies and a real data example of a bird species prinia subflava in Hong Kong.     

Modelling PK/QT relationships from Phase I dose‐escalation trials for drug combinations and developing quantitative risk assessments of clinically relevant QT prolongations

In current industry practice, it is difficult to assess QT effects at potential therapeutic doses based on Phase I dose‐escalation trials in oncology due to data scarcity, particularly in combinations trials. In this paper, we propose to use dose‐concentration and concentration‐QT models jointly to model the exposures and effects of multiple drugs in combination. The fitted models then can be used to make early predictions for QT prolongation to aid choosing recommended dose combinations for further investigation. The models consider potential correlation between concentrations of test drugs and potential drug–drug interactions at PK and QT levels. In addition, this approach allows for the assessment of the probability of QT prolongation exceeding given thresholds of clinical significance. The performance of this approach was examined via simulation under practical scenarios for dose‐escalation trials for a combination of two drugs. The simulation results show that invaluable information of QT effects at therapeutic dose combinations can be gained by the proposed approaches. Early detection of dose combinations with substantial QT prolongation is evaluated effectively through the CIs of the predicted peak QT prolongation at each dose combination. Furthermore, the probability of QT prolongation exceeding a certain threshold is also computed to support early detection of safety signals while accounting for uncertainty associated with data from Phase I studies. While the prediction of QT effects is sensitive to the dose escalation process, the sensitivity and limited sample size should be considered when providing support to the decision‐making process for further developing certain dose combinations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Empirical Likelihood for the Additive Hazards Model with Current Status Data

We investigate empirical likelihood for the additive hazards model with current status data. An empirical log-likelihood ratio for a vector or subvector of regression parameters is defined and its limiting distribution is shown to be a standard chi-squared distribution. The proposed inference procedure enables us to make empirical likelihood-based inference for the regression parameters. Finite sample performance of the proposed method is assessed in simulation studies to compare with that of a normal approximation method, it shows that the empirical likelihood method provides more accurate inference than the normal approximation method. A real data example is used for illustration.     

Diagnostics in elliptical regression models with stochastic restrictions applied to econometrics

We propose an influence diagnostic methodology for linear regression models with stochastic restrictions and errors following elliptically contoured distributions. We study how a perturbation may impact on the mixed estimation procedure of parameters in the model. Normal curvatures and slopes for assessing influence under usual schemes are derived, including perturbations of case-weight, response variable, and explanatory variable. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. An example with real-world economy data is presented as an illustration.     

Opportunities for woman-initiated HIV prevention methods among female sex workers in southern China

Rapid changes in China over the past two decades have led to significant problems associated with population migration and changing social attitudes, including a growing sex industry and concurrent increases in STIs and HIV. This article reports results of an exploratory study of microbicide acceptability and readiness and current HIV prevention efforts among female sex workers in two rural and one urban town in Hainan and Guangxi Provinces in southern China. The study focused on these women's knowledge and cultural understandings of options for protecting themselves from exposure to STIs and HIV, and the potential viability and acceptability of woman-initiated prevention methods. We report on ethnographic elicitation interviews conducted with women working within informal sex-work establishments (hotels, massage and beauty parlors, roadside restaurants, boarding houses). We discuss implications of these findings for further promotion of woman-initiated prevention methods such as microbicides and female condoms among female sex workers in China.