WHITE, BLACK, AND HISPANIC FEMALE YOUTHS IN CENTRAL CITY LABOR MARKETS

Data from the 1% 1980 Census Public Use Sample are used to estimate the determinants of employment and wage rates for out-of-school female youths residing in central cities. Separate analyses are performed for white/Anglo, black, and Hispanic youths. Independent variables include individual, family background, and local labor market characteristics. The authors find that central city female youths have employment and wage rates substantially below their male counterparts. Their employment rates, however, are responsive to many of the same forces as for other sociodemographic groups in general, and central city male youths in particular. For Anglo females, wage rates are also responsive to many of the effects found for other groups, although they do not follow Anglo male youths in gaining from the "minority threat" effect. On the other hand, the wages for minority females are unresponsive to the usual variables. That is, these workers receive the minimum wage in an essentially undifferentiated manner. Thus, the triple disadvantage of being female, minority, and from a poor household is very much in evidence within 1980 census data.     

THE BODY, IDENTITY, AND SELF:

Serious chronic illness undermines the unity between body and self and forces identity changes. To explicate how the body, identity, and self intersect in illness, one mode of living with impairment, adapting, is explicated in this article. Adapting means altering life and self to accommodate to bodily losses and limits and resolving the lost unity between body and self. It means struggling with rather than against illness. The process of adapting consists of three major stages: (1) experiencing and defining impairment, (2) making bodily assessments and, subsequently, identity trade-offs, as ill people weigh their losses and gains and revise their identity goals, and (3) surrendering to the sick self by relinquishing control over illness and by flowing with the experience of it. Adapting seldom occurs only once. Rather chronically ill people are forced to adapt repeatedly as they experience new losses. The data consist of 115 interviews about experiencing chronic illness and 25 more focused interviews about the body in chronic illness. The strategies of grounded theory provided the methods for completing the analysis.     

Meeting the Needs of the Adoption Triangle Through Open Adoption: The Birthmother

Open adoption is a relatively new and controversial practice. However, in many cultures this practice is traditional. In this first of a series of articles, the affect of open adoption upon birthparents is discussed. The open process facilitates appropriate grieving, enables decision making and furthers the growth of the birthmother.     

Model‐based linear clustering

The authors propose a profile likelihood approach to linear clustering which explores potential linear clusters in a data set. For each linear cluster, an errors‐in‐variables model is assumed. The optimization of the derived profile likelihood can be achieved by an EM algorithm. Its asymptotic properties and its relationships with several existing clustering methods are discussed. Methods to determine the number of components in a data set are adapted to this linear clustering setting. Several simulated and real data sets are analyzed for comparison and illustration purposes. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 716–737; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada     

Stuck in a Loop: Individual and System Barriers for Job Seekers With Disabilities

Research conducted within Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996) and Workforce Investment Act of 1998 systems indicates pervasive issues hindering program effectiveness for job seekers with disabilities. This population frequently experiences employment barriers beyond those of able‐bodied job seekers, including significantly lower self‐esteem. Service providers need and want information about disability but do not know how to obtain it. Program staff and job seekers with disabilities get stuck in a loop wherein each questions their ability and neither feels empowered to make meaningful changes to improve outcomes. Career counselors may need to expand their role to be more culturally relevant for these clients.     

The influence of organizational social responsibility on involvement behavior in community sport membership associations

Membership‐based associations are critical to their local communities and the overall social impact of the nonprofit sector. This study examines how organizational social responsibility within nonprofit membership associations influences positive member involvement behaviors, including volunteering, speaking positively about the club, and member loyalty. Self‐administered online questionnaires were completed by 735 members within seven grassroots membership associations in Ontario, Canada offering community‐based sport programs. Results show that members are somewhat aware of and felt positively about their organization's socially responsible efforts. Awareness of these efforts had a positive direct effect on the involvement behaviors of members, including intention to stay involved with their club and speaking positively about their club to others (i.e., word of mouth). Members' level of social consciousness was found to have a positive direct effect on word of mouth. Furthermore, members' positive evaluation of sport clubs' socially responsible initiatives was found to partially mediate the positive relationship between social consciousness and involvement behavior, as well as partially mediate the positive relationship between awareness of those efforts and involvement behavior. Results of this research provide grassroots membership associations with an in‐depth understanding of how their organization's efforts toward social responsibility influence member perceptions and behaviors, which may help them focus their efforts and more effectively manage their social change agenda moving forward.     

Book Reviews

W.A. Czumer, Recollections about the Life of the First Ukrainian Settlers in Canada (1981). Pp. 176.

M. R. Lupul (ed.), Ukrainian Canadians, Multiculturalism and Separatism ‐ An Assessment (1978). Pp. 177.

W. R. Petryshyn (ed.), Changing Realities ‐ Social Trends Among Ukrainian Canadians (1980). Pp. 249.

F. Swyripa, Ukrainian Canadians — A Survey of Their Portrayal in English Language Works (1978). Pp. 169.

David Eltis and James Walvin (eds.), The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Origins and Effects in Europe, Africa and the Americas (Madison and London, University of Wisconsin Press, 1981). Pp.xiii + 314. £12.70.

Michael H. Tepper (ed.), Passenger Arrivals at the Port of Baltimore, 1820–1834, From Customs Passenger Lists (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1982). Pp. xxiii + 768. $38.50.

David L. Brye (ed.), European Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States and Canada: A Historical Bibliography (Santa Barbara, California and Oxford, ABC/Clio Press, 1983). Pp. viii + 458. £42.50.

Ruth First, 117 Days (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1982). Pp. 144. £1.95.

Hugh Beach and Lars Ragvald, A New Wave on a Northern Shore: The Indochinese Refugees in Sweden (Norrkoping, Statens Invandrarverk, 1982). Pp. v + 163. NP.

Stuart A. Cohen, English Zionists and British Jews: The Communal Politics of Anglo‐Jewry, 1895–1920 (Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1982). Pp. xv + 349. £28.20.

Sandra Wallman and Associates, Living in South London: Perspectives on Battersea 1871–1981 (Aldershot, Gower, 1982). Pp. ix + 229. £13.50.