列宁的社会主义概念

第一,列宁论述了社会主义革命在几国、甚至一国首先取得胜利的可能性和世界分裂为两大社会体系。社会主义社会的建设和发展与两大体系间的斗争同时展开。为了取得斗争的胜利,必须在无产阶级专政和确立社会主义生产关系的基础上充分发挥社会主义的全部优越性和推动力,用列宁的话来说,就是“巩固社会主义”。所有这些任务决定了社会主义乃是一个长期的历史发展阶段。第二,列宁全面地论述了工人阶级和其它劳动者的民主和民主斗争在社会主义革命中的作用,说明了社会主义民主与资产阶级民主是两种根本对立的民主形式。     

談东斯拉夫人由原始公社制度轉到封建主义的起因問題

东斯拉夫人和古代日尔曼人一样,在自己的发展中跳越了奴隶制,而由原始公社制度轉到封建主义。这自然就会发生问题:东斯拉夫人的历史发展的这种特点究竟是由什么所决定的?在日尔曼人方面,恩格斯在他的著作中,由于他研究了奴隶制生产方式的瓦解和西欧封建社会发生的历史,对于它的特殊发展的问题給予了科学的解决。某些东方史的学者,企图解决也适应于东斯拉夫人的这个同样的问题时,依据恩格斯关于古代日尔曼人在西欧封建主义的发生中所起的作用的原理,并得出結論:古代斯拉夫人在东罗馬帝国的命运中也起着同样的历史作用。而又从这一正确的原理作出結論:奴隶制生产方式在东斯拉夫人那里沒有发展起来,只是因为在与瓦解的奴隶社会冲突后,它們便开始按照     

RIVERVIEW PAVILION Kuan Han-ch''''ing(d.1307)

ACT Ⅰ(Enter player in the part of Mother Pai.)MOTHER PAI A poor nun am I,Mother Pai by name.In my earlyyears I put aside the world and entered a convent and I am now head ofthis Ch'ingan Abbey.Here there dwells a young lady,T'an Chi-erh by name,of surpassirg beauty,who,her husband having unfortunately passed away,lives at home a childless widow and comes to this abbey here day in andday out to chat with me.A.nephew I have,named Pai Shih-chung,about     

美国职工的考核与管理

美国企业实行不同的对职工的评审制度。约有70％的美国公司用评定出勤情况或评定职工工作成果来推动工作、提高技能和给职工提级等等。关于各种评定方法本身的优缺点已有文章作过分析。但必须指出,一个人对另一个人或者对另一个人的工作成果的主观意见仍然是评审工作的特有基础。更高一级领导(或向高级领导申诉)、专家委员会和同行参加评审,详细制订评审程序和     

World population trends in 1960-70

The rapid rise in world population for the 4 periods 1950-1955, 1955 -1960, 1960-1965, and 1965-1970 is mainly due to a decline in the crude death rate from 24/1000 in 1950-1955 to 16.1/1000 in 1965-1970. 1950 was a turning-point in mortality rates because for the first time public health measures became widely available in less developed regions. These less developed regions contained 63.4% of the world population in 1930, 65.5% in 1950, and 70.0% in 1970. World population increased by 22% in 1960-1970, compared to 20% in 1950-1960, which was twice as much as the 20% registered for the 20 years 1930-1950. Developed regions contributed a 14% increase between 1950-1960 and 12% between 1960-1970; in less developed regions the increases were 23% and 27% respectively. Demographic conferences have begun to neglect mortality, but this is still a vital part of total population growth. Evidence is that the mortality decline in less developed countries is beginning to level off so that previous population projections may not be reached. What decline has been seen in crude birth rates in less developed countries is largely attributable to declines in East Asia, notably in the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, and other Chinese or Chinese culture-related populations, as well as some of the smaller Latin American countries and some small islands off Africa. Such demographic giants as India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and sub-Saharan Africa have shown little change. In areas with high fertility there are more mothers under age 20 and more births to women over age 35 while in low-fertility areas births are concentrated in the 20-35 year groups. An interesting example is Japan which has 50% of its births to mothers 25-29 years of age. Less developed countries have a larger proportion o f the population under age 14 while developed countries which have had lower fertility for a number of years have larger numbers in the older age groups. In less developed areas the greatest burdens are associated with child-rearing while welfare for the aged is the great concern in the more developed areas of the world. The great trend toward urbanization in all parts of the world means that the population problems commanding greatest attention are those associated with large and fast-growing cities.     

辩证唯物主义中的“思想”范畴

思想是一种观念,它反映理论掌握现实的最高形态。马克思有一句名言:思想一旦为群众所掌握,它就会变成物质力量;这句名言阐明了思想在实践活动中的意义。马克思主义的唯物史观,是最基本的社会一历史思想。然而,这一思想涉及的方面是非常广泛的,它首先致力于揭示马     

Environmental stressors: the mental health impacts of living near industrial activity

A growing literature examines whether the poor, the working class, and people of color are disproportionately likely to live in environmentally hazardous neighborhoods. This literature assumes that environmental characteristics such as industrial pollution and hazardous waste are detrimental to human health, an assumption that has not been well tested. Drawing upon the sociology of mental health and environmental inequality studies, we ask whether industrial activity has an impact on psychological well-being. We link individual-level survey data with data from the US. Census and the Toxic Release Inventory and find that residential proximity to industrial activity has a negative impact on mental health. This impact is both direct and mediated by individuals' perceptions of neighborhood disorder and personal powerlessness, and the impact is greater for minorities and the poor than it is for whites and wealthier individuals. These results suggest that public health officials need to take seriously the mental health impacts of living near industrial facilities.     

Drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking patterns

The current study focused on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking behavior in a representative sample of 553 Dutch adolescents and adults. Data were gathered by means of self-report questionnaires and a 14-days drinking diary. A model was postulated in which negative expectancies and self-efficacy were directly associated with drinking, and in which drinking motives mediated the associations between positive expectancies, and drinking. The findings of multivariate analyses showed that drinking motives were related to general indicators of drinking and to drinking levels in specific situations. Furthermore, self-efficacy was moderately related to all drinking variables. Negative expectancies were related to general drinking variables but hardly to drinking in specific situations. Positive expectancies were hardly related to drinking in multivariate analyses and therefore mediation models could not be tested. No systematic moderator effects were apparent for age and gender on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking.     

Personal, health, academic, and environmental predictors of stress for residence hall students

The authors studied contributors to stress among undergraduate residence hall students at a midwestern, land grant university using a 76-item survey consisting of personal, health, academic, and environmental questions and 1 qualitative question asking what thing stressed them the most. Of 964 students selected at random, 462 (48%) responded to the survey. The authors weighted data to reflect the overall university-wide undergraduate population (55% men, 12% minority or international, and 25% freshmen). Women and US citizens experienced greater stress than did men and non-US citizens, respectively. Frequency of experiencing chronic illness, depression, anxiety disorder, seasonal affective disorder, mononucleosis, and sleep difficulties were significant stress predictors. Although alcohol use was a positive predictor, drug use was a negative predictor of stress. Both a conflict and a satisfactory relationship with a roommate, as well as a conflict with a faculty or staff member, were also significant predictors of stress.     

Medical students' and tutors' experiences of directed and self-directed learning programs in evidence-based medicine: a qualitative evaluation accompanying a randomized controlled trial

This qualitative study aims to interpret the results of a randomized controlled trial comparing two educational programs (directed learning and self-directed learning) in evidence-based medicine (EBM) for medical students at the University of Oslo from 2002 to 2003. There is currently very little comparative educational research in this field. In the trial, no statistically significant differences between the study groups were shown for any outcomes considered (EBM knowledge, skills, and attitudes). Further analysis suggests that main reason for the negative trial results was that the majority of students learned equally effectively, whichever program they received, although implementation of the educational programs was not complete because of varying attendance. This study illustrates a stepwise evaluation model that might be useful in evaluating other socially complex interventions.