中美家庭结构与功能的比较分析

本研究聚焦于中美家庭结构和功能的异同以及文化力量的影响,利用美国社会工作学生访华计划设计了本研究课题,在中美双方老师的共同督导下,9名美国社会工作学生和18名中国社会工作学生参与了本课题研究,采用了面对面的深度访谈和观察的方法.比较了中美家庭在家庭结构、家庭决策、家庭沟通及家庭观念等方面的异同,并探讨了其中的文化影响力和对社会工作介入的启示.     

知识管理和知识管理系统:概念基础和研究课题

知识是一个广泛而抽象的概念——早在古希腊时代,西方哲学已经使用这一概念来界定认识论上的争议。然而,在最近的几年,越来越多的学者倾向于将知识视为一种重要的组织资源。信息系统研究人员顺应了组织知识和知识管理的发展趋势,在信息系统的基础上发展出了知识管理系统(KMS)。知识管理系统的目标是支持组织中知识的创造、转移和应用。知识和知识管理是复杂多面的概念,因此,从已有的丰富文献中,挖掘并找到知识管理的理论基础,这将对知识管理系统的有效开发和应用提供支撑。更确切地说,知识管理系统应该以相关领域现有的重要文献为基础展开研究。本文回顾并解释了不同领域中有关知识管理的理论文献,同时确定了重要的研究领域。我们提出了一个详细的组织知识管理的过程观点,并重点关注了信息技术在知识管理过程中的潜在作用。依据文献回顾和知识管理过程的分析,我们围绕知识管理过程和信息技术在该过程中的支持作用讨论几个重要的研究课题。     

战略决策过程:批判性回顾与未来研究展望

本文在对以往文献进行回顾的基础上,构建了一个战略决策过程的整合框架。该框架将决策过程特征的前置因素(环境因素、组织因素和决策专有因素)及其过程结果和经济结果整合在一起。依据该框架,本文对重要的实证研究文献进行了综述,指出了主要的研究模式以及研究成果中的矛盾之处。在综述的基础上,文章还探讨了本研究对于理论构建、研究方法和管理实践的启示,并指出了未来研究的一些方向。     

最大化组织科学的影响:学科与学术领域交叉处的理论构建

学科与学术领域的交叉处为创造性的理论构建提供了重要机会。本文中,我们提出了在学科交叉处构建理论的3种模式,并强调了这3种模式的优势与不足。我们运用"影响轮(impact wheel)"把3种模式相互联系起来,直观地描述了它们对理论、学术领域、学科、研究者和外部相关者等五大范围的影响。尽管3种模式对这些方面的影响不尽相同,但当在学科交叉处的理论建构可以修订现有学科和学术领域边界,并产生新的学科和学术领域时,其影响最大。这样的理论建构并不常见,并且需要研究者具有挖掘组织科学更多潜能的特定技巧。     

实际汇率错位、汇率波动性及其对制造业出口贸易影响的实证分析:1978～1998年平行数据研究

本文利用制造业SITC3位数代码商品1978~1998年对不同国家出口的平行数据,采用似不相关估计方法对我国出口商品需求方程系统进行了估计。分析强调实际汇率风险、实际汇率错位对不同商品出口量的影响,其中汇率风险的回归系数随商品不同、国家不同而有所不同,汇率错位则在大多数分析中表现为对出口具有不利影响。由于伴随着人民币汇率水平与(或)汇率制度的变动,人民币汇率的错位水平与(或)波动性也将发生相应的变动,因此,本文对此变动的净影响进行了模拟,结果表明不同商品对不同国家的出口数量将受到不同的影响。     

The increase in marital status differences in mortality up to the oldest age in seven European countries, 1990-99

We investigate mortality differentials by marital status among older age groups using a database of mortality rates by marital status at ages 40 and over for seven European countries with 1 billion person-years of exposure. The mortality advantage of married people, both men and women, continues to increase up to at least the age group 85-89, the oldest group we are able to consider. We find the largest absolute differences in mortality levels between marital status groups are at high ages, and that absolute differentials are: (i) greater for men than for women; (ii) similar in magnitude across countries; (iii) increase steadily with age; and (iv) are greatest at older age. We also find that the advantage enjoyed by married people increased over the 1990s in almost all cases. We note that results for groups such as older divorced women need to be interpreted with caution.     

Widowhood,family size,and post-reproductive Mortality: a comparative Analysis of three populations in Nineteenth-Century Europe

Researchers from a number of disciplines have offered competing theories about the effects oJ childbearing on parents 'postreproductive longevity. The "disposable soma theory" argues that investments in somatic maintenance increase longevity but reduce childbearing. "Maternal depletion" models suggest that the rigors of childrearing increase mortality in later years. Other researchers consider continued childbearing a sign of healthy aging and a predictor of future longevity. Empirical studies have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. Our focus is on the experience of widowhood, which has been ignored in previous studies. We hypothesize that the death of a spouse is a stressful event with long-term consequences for health, especially for women with small children. Data are drawn from historical sources in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands from 1766 to 1980. Postreproductive mortality was highest among young widows with larger families in all three samples. Age at last birth had little or no effect. We conclude that raising children under adverse circumstances can have long-lasting, harmful effects on a mother's health.     

Older women's fears of violence: the need for interventions that enable active ageing

Women's fear of violence can impact negatively on their active participation in life. An ageing survey conducted with 2,620 Australian respondents aged 50 to 90 years examined aspects of work, learning, social, spiritual and emotional status, health, vision, home, life events, demographics, and asked an open-ended question about what being actively engaged in life meant. Ordinal regression was carried out on two dependent variables: wanting and needing to learn to discourage violence. Analyses found that as women's age increased, those on lower incomes were more likely than others to say they needed to learn how to discourage violence against them. This paper investigates the variables associated with the findings-transport, finances, news media, home safety, and reduced social interactions. Results highlight the importance of understanding women's fear in the context of personal and social issues, and the need to provide learning opportunities to improve safety and social engagement.     

是分析社会还是改造社会——哈贝马斯与卢曼之争

哈贝马斯与卢曼在 1971年的理论之争是德国学生运动的最后一次理论争论 ,它对整个一代人和德国社会科学界有重大影响。1.争论的出发点哈贝马斯和卢曼在 1971年时都知道 ,必须突破社会学理论和方法的长期停滞状态和不充分性。他们同时也知道这种突破面临一个困难 ,就是必须分析一个比过去更加复杂和更加无法一目了然的社会。哈贝马斯认为“批判理论”已经提供了分析这种社会的理论和方法 ,霍克海姆和阿多尔诺的《启蒙辩证法》(1974)就是“现代社会辩证发展理论”。他未能采纳在北美 (特别由帕森斯 )得到发展的系统论。卢曼 (NiclasL uhmann1…