[Developing cities of medium size and urbanization].]

The importance of developing medium-sized cities in China's urbanization process is outlined. The authors compare the relative capacity of medium- and small-sized cities to absorb rural-urban migrants. They also compare the economic efficiency of large- and medium-sized cities. They conclude that future urbanization policy should focus on the development of medium-sized cities.     

Priority research projects on family planning technique during the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period

Research activities focused on family planning techniques and perinatal care will be given priority during China's 7th 5-Year Plan period. In terms of birth control technology, an emphasis will be placed on improving the reversibility of tubal sterilization and vasectomy, reducing complications (e.g., expulsion) associated with IUD use, refining methods of early pregnancy termination, and development of more long-acting contraceptive methods. Also explored will be the safety and effectiveness of herbs traditionally used for fertility control in China. To facilitate the development of more perfect types of contraceptives, basic research on spermatogenesis, sperm transportation, and fertilization will be conducted continuously. Studies on quality control indicators, pharmacodynamic indicators, and toxicological markers will be emphasized. In the area of eugenics, an emphasis will be placed on the prevention of congenital abnormalities and the monitoring of birth defects. Screening methods for the early diagnosis of genetic diseases will also be explored. Finally, attention will be given to the detection of teratogenic factors in the environment and other preventive measures.     

Comparative analysis of the index of our population life quality]

A comprehensive method of calculating and measuring a country's or an area's health and literacy levels is examined. The method, known as population quality life inference (PQLI), was used to determine which of China's provinces has the highest and the lowest degree of population quality. The PQLI indicates infant mortality, average life expectancy of 1 year olds, and literacy rates of those 15 years and older. Because developing countries traditionally have high rates of infant mortality and illiteracy and low life expectancy rates during their industrialization, measuring the degree of population quality of life improvement of such countries during this period was found to be significant. These factors (infant mortality, illiteracy, and life expectancy) will improve substantially as industrialization continues. In order to compare various areas, these 3 factors must be changed into "inferences" 0-100, "0" representing the lowest population quality and "100" the highest. These 3 inferences must then be averaged in order to calculate the PQLI. For example: life expectancy value 77 (highest in the world) minus 38 (lowest)/100 = .39. In order to measure the value of India's life expectancy: value of 1-year-old's life expectancy = 56 (1-year-old's life expectancy in India) minus 38/.39 = 46. The value of adult illiteracy does not need to be changed. Thus, the actual comparison will be based on the values of the 3 inferences. Using this method of calculation, it is concluded that the PQLI analysis indicated that Peking (93.04) is the highest in China and Yumnan Province (60.72) is the lowest.     

统筹养老金双基数征缴方案设计

双基数征缴的目的在于通过调整企业间的养老负担,保证统筹养老金的征缴率和征缴量。当前的统筹养老金可以分解为基础养老金和转轨成本两部分。在双基数征缴的具体实施过程中,可以以职工工资总额的7%-8%征缴基础养老金, 以企业税前利润的1%征缴转轨成本部分。以利润为基数征缴的部分是政府向企业的强制性借款,政府在日后应有计划地逐步偿还。     

The change of fertility and factors impacting it in Shanghai City in the past thirty years]

In 1981 a 3% random sampling of women born between 1931-66 was taken in Shanghai to study their menstrual and marital histories, pregnancies, contraceptive use, education, and occupation. In the last 30 years the fertility rate and the rate of natural population increase began to decline beginning around 1957-58. The changes in fertility rate fall into 3 periods: 1) between 1958-61 the fertility rate fell from 238.6/1000 to 159.2/1000, averaging 26.5/1000 annually; there was a slight period of stability from 1961-63; 2) between 1963-67 it fell from 155.8/1000 to 56.3/000, averaging 24.9/1000 annually and between 1967-68 there was a slight increase; and 3) between 1968-74 it fell from 63.2/100 to 26.4/1000, averaging 6.1/1000 annually. The fertility rate of various age groups also declined during the last 30 years. The average number of children for married women was 1.92. Factors influencing the fertility rate include: 1) birth control policy: the changes in the fertility rates were dominated by the birth control policy; for instance, from 1956-60, after late marriages were officially advocated, the average age at 1st marriage for men was 1.64 years older than before; between 1962-64, those women with more than 3 children were sterilized. 2) Education: the higher the educational attainment, the later was the age at 1st marriage, the more effective was the use of contraceptives and the lower the standard was for fertility; 3) occupation: the type of job influenced the age at marriage, as well as the frequency of miscarriage and live births; 4) attitude towards children: the total number of children women reported they would like averaged out to be 1.7; 5) urban and rural differences: the fertility rate for Shanghai City was not only lower than for Shanghai County, it fell at a faster rate; 6) changes in the age structure of fertile women affected the fertility rate; and 7) others: nutrition, the ability to propagate, age at 1st marriage, plus economic and social factors all affected fertility.     

中国出生性别比转变的人口老龄化后果：前景与对策

从1980年代开始,中国出生性别比失衡已经持续40余年,预计到2050年左右才能恢复正常。长达70年的出生性别比转变对中国人口和社会都产生深远的影响。以往研究主要集中探讨性别失衡问题,对出生性别比升高加剧人口老龄化的关注较少。为此,利用新近估计的中国出生性别比、生育率和死亡率数据,借助人口模拟预测和稳定人口比较分析的方法对中国出生性别比转变的人口老龄化后果进行深入考察。研究发现,出生性别比上升不仅会减少女婴出生数,还会减少男婴出生数,由此造成人口规模的下降并加剧了中国的人口老龄化。引导出生性别比尽快回归正常可以缓解人口老龄化,继续加强出生性别比治理可以在中国积极应对人口老龄化的过程中起到重要作用。     

中国城市家庭变迁的趋势和最新发现

本文以中国社会科学院社会学研究所2008年在广州、杭州、郑州、兰州和哈尔滨5个城市市辖区收集的城市居民的家庭数据为分析基础,以经过修正的发展的家庭现代化理论为理论起点,分析了最近十几年来中国城市家庭变迁的趋势,主要在婚姻成本、婚姻的独立性、妇女就业率与夫妻关系、核心家庭与亲属网络关系以及各个城市家庭变迁的独特性几个方面提出了我们的见解,着重指出在中国城市家庭变迁过程中,传统与现代因素之间不是对立的,而是相互融合,甚至相互补充的,在不同的情境下出现不同的组合,因此中国城市家庭的变迁模式和路径是多元的和多因素共同推进的。     

电视相亲节目热播的社会学分析

近期各大电视台形式多样的婚恋相亲节目层出不穷,受到了广泛的关注,并且掀起了一股婚恋观讨论的热潮。相亲节目在大众媒介的舞台上构建了一个场域,在其中形成的“惯习”又加剧了这个场域的特征,使得大胆、直白的节目风格得以构建和巩固。这类主题的节目之所以能够引起大众的兴趣就是因为它将交友、恋爱这类原本极其私人化的东西搬上了公众的舞台．这种突破领域界限而形成的张力、造成的反差效果给观众带来新鲜感,同时又契合了人们的日常生活。相亲节目在短期内的迅速火爆,也有着一定的社会背景。随着恋爱低龄化趋势的加剧以及“剩女”的大量出现,使得青年人在恋爱、婚姻问题上更加理性和成熟。节目在速配的同时传达着当代年轻人对情感婚恋和家庭生活价值观．为父母提供了一个洞悉子女想法的窗口,促进了不同年龄段人之间的相互理解和包容。     

数字经济、产业结构升级与全要素生产率

文章在分析数字经济发展对全要素生产率影响机理的基础上,基于2010—2019年我国省际面板数据,应用中介效应模型考察数字经济发展对全要素生产率增长的促进效应。结果表明,总体上数字经济可有效通过产业结构升级促进全要素生产率的增长。分区域看,数字经济对我国东部、中西部省份的产业结构升级均起到显著促进作用,但在产业结构升级和全要素生产率的优化方面,东部地区数字经济发展的作用明显高于中西部地区。     

唐宋优谏戏中的戏剧化说服传播范式特征分析

优谏戏确立了融政治劝谏和取悦人主二重功能为一体的戏剧化说服传播范式,该范式在形态上形成三元式结构,同时还表现出说服目标一元化、说服动机潜隐化、说服主题隐喻化以及说服意向后置化等特征.