马克思关于社会变革的看法

关于社会变革的看法是社会学家众说纷纭的一个有争议的问题,他们的看法随着不同时代而发生变化。十八、十九世纪欧洲发生包括工业革命在内的多次革命,社会发生突然的迅猛的变革,统治阶级被推翻,封建制度让位给资本主义制度。这就使一些社会学家、历史学家(如马克思)认为,矛盾,特别是阶级矛盾,是任何社会结构所固有的,一切现存的社会都包含着未来社会的社会结构的“种子”。社会变革被认为是每个社会正常的、无可避免的社会发展过程。     

弗洛伊德的精神分析与社会生物学

很少有人会怀疑弗洛伊德的精神分析是二十世纪心理学的“第一动力”。精神分析作为一种人格理论,详尽地阐述了人格的结构、动力和发展,其内涵之丰富,目前还没有一种人格理论堪与匹敌。然而,内容的复杂、浩翰并不意味着必然得到普遍的接受,精神分析自从它兴起的早期阶段就遭到了猛烈的抨击。抨击的矛头主要指向诸如本我、无意识和恋母情结等心理结构。然而弗洛伊德坚信,人们终将发现他所提出的本我、自我和超我等结构是具有生     

关于历史唯物主义“原始范畴”问题的讨论

1980年12月18～19日,举行了例行的全苏从事历史唯物主义问题研究的科学工作者和教师的协调会议。在会议发言中,人们很重视历史唯物主义的起因和“原始范畴”问题。В.И. 普里皮斯诺夫和Н.Ф. 特列季亚科夫强调说,应该把活动看作历史唯物主义的原始范畴,这不是因为它简单和不依赖于历史唯物主义的其它范畴,而恰恰是     

俄罗斯进军科技产业

曾押注Skype和Facebook的硅谷风投家又开始考虑另一个心跳赌局——让俄罗斯多样化发展,摆脱对石油产业的依赖。俄罗斯总统德米特里．安．梅德韦杰夫已将经济多样化摆到其经济政策的核心位置,并开始在莫斯科郊区建造一个被称为俄罗斯硅谷的大型科技园。     

Worksite e-mail health promotion trial: Early lessons

In preparation for an electronic mail (e-mail) and web-based health promotion intervention across multiple worksites, secure, regulatory-compliant, user-friendly e-mail and Internet applications were used to recruit potential participants across worksites, to enroll participants, and to collect baseline health assessment data. Specific hardware and software information technology environments were required of the 19 participating worksites. Sequential e-mails introduced the study and invited participation. Twenty-four percent of all employees (1106 of approximately 4600) provided consent. E-mail delivered a web link for the baseline study assessment, and reminder e-mails were sent to prompt completion. Of those who consented, 888 (80%) completed baseline health and behavior data surveys. An HTML-native web survey software was more stable across computing environments. Using e-mail and web assessment, this research recruited, enrolled, and collected data from more than 850 participants. Technical and operational challenges emerged at each step. Solutions and recommendations are discussed. Overall, this experience suggests that the use of e-mail and web software can facilitate recruitment, enrollment, and data acquisition through direct contact with study participants. This experience yields a series of lessons learned for using e-mail and the Internet to support multi-site trials.     

The effects of fatal vision goggles on drinking and driving intentions in college students

The present study was designed to examine the effectiveness of Fatal Vision Goggles in reducing intentions to drink and drive. Participants performed a field sobriety task and drove in a traffic simulator while wearing the goggles. A regression analysis was performed in order to predict changes in intentions to drink and drive, using typical drinking patterns, perceived likelihood of getting into a collision when drinking and driving, self efficacy, and driving independence as predictor variables. Results showed that drinking and driving intentions were reduced following the use of Fatal Vision Goggles among those that typically drink more during outings, among those that believe the likelihood of collisions when drinking and driving are greater, and among those less likely to drive to achieve independence and autonomy. These results indicate that Fatal Vision Goggles can be an effective tool in altering drinking and driving attitudes among drivers with specific attitudinal and personal characteristics.     

Educational needs of inpatients with severe & persistent mental illness: a partial replication

Although a great deal has been written about the importance of patient education, few replications of past research have been conducted to increase clinicians' confidence in the conclusions of previous studies. This is especially true of studies conducted in clinical settings where findings may or may not be generalizable to other institutions. This partial replication study tested whether previous findings about patient education in an outpatient setting were applicable to an inpatient setting using a modified version of the instrument. A 1998 study published in this journal suggested that differences may exist between the perceived health education needs of outpatients and their health care providers. In this partial replication, we examined the differences between the educational needs of inpatients and those perceived by their attending nurses. As in the original study, we found discrepancies between patients' actual needs and nurses' perceptions of those needs, supporting the importance of assessing patients' health educational needs in the treatment planning process.     

Treatment of Female Pathological Gambling: The Efficacy of a Cognitive-Behavioural Approach

Given that a substantial proportion of current pathological gamblers are female, it is evident that women are underrepresented in the treatment outcome literature. The current study was designed to redress the limited information on the treatment of female pathological gambling. Although the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy is the most highly recommended approach as ‘best practice’ for the treatment of pathological gambling, no attempt to date has been made to evaluate the efficacy of this approach for female pathological gambling. Nineteen female pathological gamblers with electronic gaming machine problems were treated with a cognitive-behavioural program. While pathological gamblers placed on a waiting list did not show significant improvement on gambling behaviour and psychological functioning measures, the female pathological gamblers showed significant improvement on these measures over the treatment period, and maintained this improvement at the 6-month follow-up evaluation. By the completion of the follow-up period, 89% of participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Although further scientific demonstration and replication are required, the outcomes of this study indicate that the therapy that is considered ‘best practice’ in the treatment of pathological gambling is effective for female pathological gambling.     

Ethical and psychosocial issues raised by the practice in cases of mistreatment of older adults

Intervention regarding older adult mistreatment raises many questions for practitioners. They have to interact with the victim, the abuser, and, in many cases, with both of them at the same time. In such cases, five themes emerge from the literature review on psycho-social and ethical issues in practice: practitioners' pre-construction and axiological frameworks, victims' capacity, confidentiality versus collaboration between practitioners or between agencies, social and family responsibilities and the balance between competing values in practice. Practitioners are well placed to offer a critical reflection on their practice and on ways of improving it. The goal of our qualitative study is to identify issues and ethical dilemmas in elderly mistreatment situations as represented in the discourses of practitioners in reference to interventions in their psychosocial practice. Sixteen practitioners from the public and community (non-profit organization) sectors were interviewed using a practice history approach. This paper presents the main ethical and psychosocial issues raised by practitioners and some ideas to improve the practice. It is motivated by the crucial question haunting the practitioners' minds: "How far should we go?"