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111.
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Andjelka Milić 《International Review of Sociology》2007,17(2):359-380
For a long period of time, the family and the household have not been considered agents in the economic sphere. However, in contemporary theoretical and research practice we are witnessing a rehabilitation of this aspect of family activity. The importance of the broader social and economic impact of this activity of families and households is legitimated through the concepts of social capital and household strategies in the labor sphere. This paper presents the results of three successive representative empirical studies of households in Serbia between 1991 and 2006. The main goal of these studies was to observe the problems households and families are facing in the transition process. The specific profile of Serbia's transition path, determined by numerous societal disturbances, is emphasized. The relation between the work sphere and the family sphere is viewed through five forms of the working status and activities of household members. Research results show a remarkable proliferation of informal work activities, which enable the survival of households in the circumstances of high unemployment and low wages in the formal labor sector. 相似文献
113.
Borut Rončević 《Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research》2010,23(3):223-239
While several sociological theories have traditionally dealt with rational action by human actors, little attention has been devoted to the possibilities for rational steering of the entire subsystems of functionally differentiated modern societies in the context of their increasing complexity. Although rational intentional action is clearly limited at the macro-level by the complexity emphasized by Luhmann's social systems theory, strategies are required to approach the normative ideal of active society as defined by Etzioni. Understanding the strategic processes requires micro–macro and agency–structure connections. A possible solution to understanding strategy as a social process in this respect is found in the adaptation of the three-level – individuality, reality and totality – approach of Sztompka's theory of social becoming. 相似文献
114.
Miroslav M. Ristić 《Journal of applied statistics》2011,38(6):1313-1314
115.
One important aspect in the design of social protection is coverage. In Peru, as in most Latin American countries, social security coverage is mandatory only for workers in the formal sector. This article investigates the determinants of voluntary affiliation to Peru's individual accounts pension system. It is found that married males with more than high-school level education living in high income households and with other family members already affiliated to the individual accounts pension system have a higher likelihood of voluntary affiliation. Although the results suggest that family-based safety nets might be substitutes for voluntary participation in the individual accounts pension system, nonetheless, extending pension coverage and addressing poverty remain as challenges for government involvement. 相似文献
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A recent comparison of evolutionary, neural network, and scatter search heuristics for solving the p-median problem is completed by (i) gathering or obtaining exact optimal values in order to evaluate errors precisely, and
(ii) including results obtained with several variants of a variable neighborhood search (VNS) heuristic. For a first, well-known,
series of instances, the average errors of the evolutionary and neural network heuristics are over 10% and more than 1000
times larger than that of VNS. For a second series, this error is about 3% while the errors of the parallel VNS and of a hybrid
heuristic are about 0.01% and that of parallel scatter search even smaller. 相似文献
119.
Saralees Nadarajah K. Jayakumar Miroslav M. Ristić 《Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation》2013,83(8):1389-1404
We introduce a new family of distributions by adding a parameter to the Marshall–Olkin family of distributions. Some properties of the new family of distributions are derived. A particular case of the family, a three-parameter generalization of the exponential distribution, is given special attention. The shape properties, moments, distributions of the order statistics, entropies and estimation procedures are derived. An application to a real data set is discussed. 相似文献
120.
This paper addresses the problem of maximum a posteriori (MAP) sequence estimation in general state-space models. We consider two algorithms based on the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methodology (also known as particle filtering). We prove that they produce approximations of the MAP estimator and that they converge almost surely. We also derive a lower bound for the number of particles that are needed to achieve a given approximation accuracy. In the last part of the paper, we investigate the application of particle filtering and MAP estimation to the global optimization of a class of (possibly non-convex and possibly non-differentiable) cost functions. In particular, we show how to convert the cost-minimization problem into one of MAP sequence estimation for a state-space model that is “matched” to the cost of interest. We provide examples that illustrate the application of the methodology as well as numerical results. 相似文献