Leader behaviors and career derailment potential: A multi-analytic method examination of rating source and self–other agreement

Based on extensive research that views leadership as a multi-faceted phenomenon, we examined how the relationships between task-oriented and relationship-oriented leader behaviors and career derailment potential vary by observer perspective. We present findings using three different analytical techniques: random coefficient modeling (RCM), relative weight analysis (RWA), and polynomial regression (PR). RCM findings suggest that self-, direct report, peer, and supervisor ratings of leader behaviors differ and are associated with career derailment potential. RWA results indicate that self-ratings matter the least, whereas peer ratings of leader behaviors typically matter the most in predicting career derailment potential. PR analyses indicate that career derailment potential is lowest when self-ratings are lower than other ratings of leader behaviors and/or when self–other ratings converge on higher, rather than lower, ratings of leader behaviors. Implications for leadership and self–other agreement research and professional practice are discussed.     

A Method for Estimating Lifetime Cancer Risks from Limited Epidemiologic Data

Partly because of the poor quality of exposure information on humans, most lifetime carcinogenic risk assessments have been based on animal data. There are, however, surrogate measures for exposure that have not been fully utilized. One of these is duration of exposure where data on mean exposure levels are available. A method is presented for the use of such data, and the method is illustrated by developing a risk assessment from the available epidemiologic literature on gasoline and kidney cancer. This risk assessment is fairly consistent across studies and close to a risk assessment based upon an experiment with rats. While there needs to be much improvement in the quality of environmental data available to epidemiologists, it is possible that a number of risk assessments can be made from existing epidemiologic data and efforts directed away from extrapolation from animal data.     

The Dynamics,Implications and Treatment of Extramarital Sexual Relationships for the Family Therapist*

This article presents the dynamics, implications and treatment of extramarital sex. Historical and cultural perspectives, various types of infidelity experiences and family therapy implications will be discussed. Marital styles will be outlined as a frame of reference in understanding the topic and the importance of symptom generation vis-a-vis infidelity. Finally, specific recommendations for treatment and a brief consideration of extramarital relationships as a healthy alternative marital style will be offered.     

Multivariate methods in rehabilitation

The complexity of relationships between variables in a variety of rehabilitation settings can be appropriately addressed by the use of multivariate methods of statistical analysis. The purpose of this article is to describe (a) some basic concepts and principles of multivariate methods as well as (b) common misconceptions in the application of such methods. Specifically, the authors focus on the use of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in rehabilitation research and some pitfalls that rehabilitation researchers face when choosing between MANOVA for a set of outcome variables versus separate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) for each outcome variable. Examples of the use of MANOVA in rehabilitation research, as well as references to other multivariate methods, are also provided.     

Using and interpreting analogue designs

Researchers in rehabilitation counseling and disability studies sometimes use analogue research, which involves materials that approximate or describe reality (e.g., written vignettes, videotaped exemplars) rather than investigating phenomena in real-world settings. Analogue research often utilizes experimental designs, and it thereby frequently possesses a high degree of internal validity. Analogue research allows investigators to exercise tight control over the implementation of the independent or treatment variable and over potentially confounding variables, which enables them to isolate the effects of those treatment variables on selected outcome measures. However, the simulated nature of analogue research presents an important threat to external validity. As such, the generalizability of analogue research to real-life settings and situations may be problematic. These and other issues germane to analogue research in vocational rehabilitation are discussed in this article, illustrated with examples from the contemporary literature.     

Evaluating the Effective Degrees of Freedom of the Delete-a-Group Jackknife

The delete-a-group jackknife is sometimes used when estimating the variances of statistics based on a large sample. We investigate heavily poststratified estimators for a population mean and a simple regression coefficient, where both full-sample and domain estimates are of interest. The delete-a-group (DAG) jackknife employing 30, 60, and 100 replicates is found to be highly unstable, even for large sample sizes. The empirical degrees of freedom of these DAG jackknives are usually much less than their nominal degrees of freedom. This analysis calls into question whether coverage intervals derived from replication-based variance estimators can be trusted for highly calibrated estimates.     

THE GREAT OVERESTIMATION: TAX DATA AND INEQUALITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1913–1943

Historical measures of income inequality in the United States must grapple with the challenge of data quality. We examine one such problem affecting the well-known estimates of income inequality produced by Piketty and Saez (2003) using the records of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Prior to 1943, incomes were self-reported. Combined with lax enforcement on the part of the IRS, self-reporting of incomes could provide a misleading portrait of the income distribution. To test the accuracy of IRS records, we compare them to independently tabulated state income tax returns between 1919 and 1945 from states with more comprehensive and rigorously enforced tax collection procedures. State income tax records show lower overall levels of income inequality than IRS records. However, we still find that top income concentrations declined across the period between 1929 and World War II. These findings attest to the sensitivity of distributional estimation to the reporting selectivity and economic quality of underlying tax data, suggesting that the existing IRS-derived series systematically overstates top-income concentration in the interwar period. (JEL H2, N32, D31, E01)