大学的社会研究中心在知识创造过程中的作用

十九世纪的最后25年,美国大学受到德国科学和学术团体的深刻影响,决定把研究工作同教学业务都作为重要的中心课题之一,于是它们对本身的主要任务进行了重大的调整。进入二十世纪,美国学术界出现了另外两个重大变化。一是个别讲授的工作被系科取而代之,这样,大学组织的基层单位就从单个的、个别的讲授变成了集体的教学。另一个变化是把研究生和大学生的教育计划分开,规定前者注重研究,后者专门从事于普通教育。因此在二十世纪前半期,已经牢固地确定把研究作为大学的一项任务。     

拉祜族的支系

(一)拉祜族语言属藏缅语族。他们的许多小村子散布在云南——印度支那山路崎岖的边境地带,约占总人口的60％住在云南西南部。拉祜族人来自很远的北方,近若干世纪以来已经南迂到缅甸东部、泰国北部和老挝西北部。虽然同一的语言和若干共有的文化及社会特征可使我们能够把拉祜族同其他诸如阿佧、傈僳、苗、瑶等民族区别开来,但他们决不是纯一的民族。在他们中间有许多不同名称的分群或者支系,诸如拉祜纳(黑拉祜)、拉祜西(黄拉祜)、拉祜尼(红拉祜)、拉祜普(白拉祜)和拉祜散莱。这里提的仅是人们比较熟悉的一     

法国社会科学的现状和趋势

法国《世界报》1983年10月出版的特刊(总第104期)发表由有影响的学者们撰写的专栏文章,提纲挈领介绍各个学科的情况。这里选登4篇,希望有助于读者了解当前法国社会科学的概貌。文章的题目是原来的,总题目是我们加的。     

法国色彩的共产主义

法国共产党是欧洲共产主义新近的皈依者,近年来己经大大地改变了它的政策。法共是组织得很好的:四十万党员组织在以十七人政治局和五人书记处为首的严谨、垂直的组织之中,马歇处于这个金字塔的顶端。战后法共在历次大选中获得四分之一到五分之一的选票。但从1947年到1965年由于冷战,法共被赶出了政府。在1965年的总统选举中,与社会党联合投票支持密特朗,1974年人民阵线各党差一点把密特朗选进爱丽舍宫。在1977年的地方选举中,社会党人在第二轮投票中投共产党的票,如果在下一次大选中     

Social security,age of retirement,and economic well-being: Intertemporal and demographic patterns among retired-worker beneficiaries

We examine the economic status of a sample of new recipients of social security retired-worker benefits shortly after their first receipt of benefits (1982) and 10 years later (1991). The probability that these retired-worker beneficiaries were poor or near-poor is positively and strongly associated with their acceptance of early retired-worker benefits. Early retirees, women who remained single, and women who lost their spouses experienced large declines in economic status over the decade following their first receipt of benefits. Although both women and men who first received benefits at younger ages had lower economic status than did those who became beneficiaries at older ages, this retirement age-related disadvantage increased over the decade for women but not for men.     

Punishing dangerousness through preventive detention: illustrating the institutional link between school and prison

Evidence-based observations of how the juvenile justice and educational systems can work together more effectively are presented.     

Recalling sexual behavior: a methodological analysis of memory recall bias via interview using the diary as the gold standard

This study examined the effect of time lag on the validity of retrospective self-reports of sexual behavior. Seventy-five heterosexual students (44 women, 31 men) made daily recordings of sexual behavior, condom use, and alcohol or substance use for 1 month. Ability of respondents to recall sexual behavior recorded during this period was assessed at 1, 2, and 3 months after diary completion using recall interviews (25 interviewed at each interval). For vaginal intercourse, total recall error was significantly greater at 3 months than at 1 month post-diary. For all other variables assessed, the 2- and 3-month time intervals did not produce significant increase in total recall error. Higher frequency of vaginal intercourse, orgasm, and alcohol use prior to sexual activity were associated with total recall error for some but not all behaviors and outcomes. The results provide a partial validation of the diary-interview recall model as a method for studying recall error.     

A New Instrument to Measure Cognitive Distortions in Video Lottery Terminal Users: The Informational Biases Scale (IBS)

This paper reports on the development of a new scale, the Informational Biases Scale (IBS), to measure cognitive distortions such as the illusion of control, gambler's fallacy,illusory correlations, and the availability heuristic in video lottery terminal (VLT) players. Ninety-six VLT players recruited from bars in New Brunswick took part in the study. Their average (lifetime) South Oaks Gambling Screen score was in the probable pathological gambler range. The 25-item IBS was shown to have good internal consistency reliability. An exploratory principal components/factor analysis revealed the variability of the IBS to be accounted for by mainly one factor. The construct validity of the instrument was supported by the finding that IBS scores were uniquely determined by measures of gambling addiction and negative affect. The IBS should prove useful in both research and clinical settings involving VLT gamblers.