Authorizing Art: The Effect of Multimedia Formats on the Museum Experience*

Les galeries d'art utilisent des techniques médiatiques particulières pour donner un caractère didactique a ce qu'elles présentent. L'expo-sition Art for a Nation proposée à l'Art Gallery of Ontario en 1996 illustre l'utilisation de techniques modernes, basees sur des documents imprimés, pour structurer l'exposition d'oeuvres d'art et guider le visiteur. L'exposition présentait le Groupe des Sept comme des artistes célébres, décrivait leur parcours sous la forme d'un récit historique et donnait une opinion d'expert sur leurs ceuvres. L'atelier Oh! Canada Workshop, organisé en parallèle, utilisait quant à lui le multimédia et des techniques postmodernes. Dans cet atelier, les ceuvres étaient placees au hasard, sans notes historiques. Cela permettait aux visiteurs de creer leurs propres ceuvres d'art et de devenir critiques d'art. Un sondage effectué parmi les visiteurs ainsi que l'étude de leur comportement ont révéle une nette préferénce pour l'exposition Art for a Nation. Les visiteurs recherchaient les techniques médiatiques directives que les galeries d'art proposent habituellement plutôt qu'un environnement multimedia totalement libre, qui s'apparente à ce que les visiteurs vivent quotidiennement. Pour eux, un musée doit rester un lieu où il faut être respectueux envers ce qui est montré, un lieu antipopulaire par excellence. Art galleries use special media formats to authorize what they display. The art Gallery of Ontario's 1996 Art for a Nation exhibition exemplifies the use of print-based, modern means of authorization. It presented the Group of Seven as famous artists, contructed an historical narrative of their development and provided expert opinion on their work. The Gallery's accompanying Oh! Canada Workshop used multimedia, postmodern means of authorization. It distributed exhibits randomly without an historical narrative, and allowwed visitors to create their own art and to be art critics. A survey of visitors and observations of their activties revealed an overwhelming     

FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: SPENDING VERSUS REVENUE DECENTRALIZATION

This article examines whether the efficiency gains accompanying fiscal decentralization generate higher growth in more decentralized economies, applying pooled‐mean group techniques to a panel dataset of 23 Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries, 1972–2005. We find that spending decentralization has tended to be associated with lower economic growth while revenue decentralization has been associated with higher growth. Since OECD countries are substantially more spending than revenue decentralized, this is consistent with Oates' (1972) hypothesis that maximum efficiency gains require a close match between spending and revenue decentralization. It suggests reducing expenditure decentralization, and simultaneously increasing the fraction financed locally, would be growth‐enhancing. (JEL E62, H71, H72)     

Diminished tradition of return? Transnational migration in Bolivia's Valle Alto

One‐fifth of the Bolivian population lives abroad, and transnational behaviour strongly links their villages with destination communities. In this article we address whether the increasing difficulty of return migration (owing to legal and geographic barriers) results in diminished social and economic remittances to the country of origin. Results from a questionnaire survey of 417 households in the Valle Alto area of Cochabamba Department in 2007 reveal that monetary remittances account for one‐half of the income of active migrant families (and one‐quarter of income overall), and that transnational cultural ties remain strong. However, after ten years of cumulated time abroad the intention to return to Bolivia drops markedly along with economic and some social remittances. Closer analysis reveals that time abroad reduces these ties through the mediating forces of family members abroad, legal status, and home ownership abroad.     

Job Satisfaction and Organizational Structure: A Comparative Study of Nine Social Service Departments

Summary The authors investigated the relationship between aspects oforganizational structure and job satisfaction as experiencedby personnel employed in nine social service departments. Aftera series of unstructured interviews from 28 respondents in oneauthority, interview schedules were used for three distinctgroups of 603 respondents in nine organizations: those makingexecutive decisions, those making supervisory assessments andthose primarily concerned with client interaction. The bestpredictors of organizational structure were dimensions of centralizationand formalization which related significantly but negativelyto job satisfaction. The relevance of these findings is discussedin relation to the rapid growth of social services and the effectit has had on social workers and other employees.     

Heterogeneous dispatching rules in job and flow shops

This paper reports the results of a study of the use of heterogeneous dispatching rules for the scheduling of work in a job shop. The methodology employed included discrete event simulation, using rule combinations determined by prior genetic algorithm searches and generalization using neural networks. Eight dispatching rules were considered, including first in first out (FIFO), earliest due date ( EDD), shortest processing time (SPT), slack/ number of operations (SLK), critical ratio (CR), modified due date (MDD), modified operation due date (MOD), and apparent tardiness cost (ATC). A three-machine job shop was studied, in which three work organizations were employed, pure flow (fixed sequence), pure job shop ( random sequence), and a hybrid shop where flow is random but with unequal probabilities. Three levels of machine loading were used and average tardiness was used as the performance measure. In most cases, modified due date and apparent tardiness cost were the best rules. The application of the best rules effected the results primarily when applied to bottleneck machines or the first machine in a pure flow shop. Nearly any other rule was acceptable on non-botdeneck machines except FIFO and CR, which consistently perform poorly. No major advantage of mixing rules was found.     

THE DEMAND FOR CASINO GAMING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A SMOKING BAN

This study adds to the limited literature on the demand for casino gaming. The major focus is on the effect of a statewide smoking ban. A system of slot machine demand equations, one each for the three Delaware racinos (racetrack casinos), was developed. The number of slot machines at a racino, at competing in-state racinos, and income were significant demand determinants. Competing out-of-state gaming venues had insignificant effects on gaming demand over the study period. The smoking ban had a significant negative impact on demand, which was not significantly different across the three racinos. The smoking ban reduced gaming demand 15.9%. ( JEL L83)