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131.
Rainer E. Burkard Vladimir G. Deineko Gerhard J. Woeginger 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》1998,2(4):333-350
We consider traveling salesman problems (TSPs) with a permuted Monge matrix as cost matrix where the associated patching graph has a specially simple structure: a multistar, a multitree or a planar graph. In the case of multistars, we give a complete, concise and simplified presentation of Gaikov's theory. These results are then used for designing an O(m3 + mn) algorithm in the case of multitrees, where n is the number of cities and m is the number of subtours in an optimal assignment. Moreover we show that for planar patching graphs, the problem of finding an optimal subtour patching remains NP-complete. 相似文献
132.
Two samples of 16- to 19-year-old adolescents from different contexts were compared. Whereas young East Germans had experienced an educational system that offered relatively little choice, West Germans had experienced more leeway. In 1991, youth from East Germany reported more career maturity than did same-aged adolescents from the West. Different variables predicted career maturity in the 2 groups. Whereas person-related variables predicted career maturity in both groups, family and peer contexts were relevant only among the West German youth. In 1996, when differences in social context had greatly diminished, these differences had disappeared. Results confirm the usefulness of a cross-cultural and contextual approach to career development. 相似文献
133.
In this article we examine small sample properties of a generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation using Monte Carlo simulations. We assume that the generated time series describe the stochastic variance rate of a stock index. we use a mean reverting square-root process to simulate the dynamics of this instantaneous variance rate. The time series obtained are used to estimate the parameters of the assumed variance rate process by applying GMM. Our results are described and compared to estimates from empirical data which consist of volatility as well as daily volume data of the German stock market. One of our main findings is that estimates of the mean reverting parameter that are not significantly different from zero do not necessarily imply a rejection of the hypothesis of a mean reverting behavior of the underlying stochastic process. 相似文献
134.
Prof. Dr. Rainer Schnell Frauke Kreuter 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2000,52(1):96-117
Two very similar surveys on victimization were conducted in 1997. Although the target population, design, operationalization, field organization and part of the interviewer staff were nearly identical, the resulting estimates of victimization status were remarkably different. Neither correction for design effects nor the use of appropriate weighting eliminated this statistically significant difference. Several methodological details of the surveys are considered as explanations. Quantitative estimates of their possible effects are given. The interviewer working conditions are identified as the most likely source of the discrepancy. This result emphasizes the importance of these seldom documented and even more rarely controlled fieldwork details. 相似文献
135.
The authors identify and define the end user computing (EUC) construct and operationalize the construct through development of a valid, reliable measure called the EUC activities scale. This scale is designed to distinguish specific, discrete computer activities performed on the job. The research analyzes the validity and reliability of the instrument based on data obtained from 776 university employees who participated in the initial, exploratory application. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale resulted in five factors. In order of increasing complexity of job-related computer activities, these factors are: beginning EUC activities, intermediate EUC activities, advanced EUC activities, EUC facilitation activities, and EUC infrastructure activities. The factor analysis, reliabilities, and known-groups analysis provide support for the construct validity of the instrument when used in a university setting. Suggestions are provided for further use of the scale in business environments to increase generalizability, refine the instrument, and help establish a coherent theoretical basis for further research in EUC. 相似文献
136.
Alexander Schulze Felix Wolter Rainer Unger 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2009,61(3):411-435
Do context characteristics of class and school have an impact on elementary school pupils’ educational opportunities in addition to the confirmed individual effects of social origin and academic performance? The paper investigates the influence of the contextual performance- and SES-level as well as of the ethnic composition of the context on the probability of (1) obtaining a recommendation for higher secondary schools (Gymnasium) and (2) effectively attending a higher secondary school. To this end, we base our theoretical framework on the distinction between primary and secondary effects, as introduced by Boudon (1974), and extend it by a contextual perspective, as well as the related decisions of parents and teachers. The analyses are based on a survey of all 4th graders of elementary schools in the city of Wiesbaden (Germany) during the school year 2006/07. The context effects are modelled by using logistic multilevel models. The results show that the affiliation to both school- and class context explains about 10 per cent of the total variance of academic achievement. Additionally, there is evidence that the context effects significantly influence the individual educational opportunities in particular when the individual marks are controlled for (secondary context effects). Furthermore, especially the SES-related context composition influences the educational outcomes when controlling for relevant individual variables. With respect to the accomplished transitions to the Gymnasium, the performance level of the school also has significant impact. Contrary to previous studies, we could not detect any effect of the ethnic composition of the context when SES is controlled for. While there are effects of the class context as well as of the school context with the educational recommendation as dependent variable, only the school context is of relevance concerning the effectively attained school transition. 相似文献
137.
We consider a bargaining model in which husband and wife decide on the allocation of time and disposable income, and fertility. Since her bargaining power would go down otherwise more strongly, the wife agrees to have a child only if the husband also leaves the labor market for a while. The daddy months subsidy enables the couple to overcome a hold-up problem and thereby improves efficiency. However, the same ruling harms other types of couples and may also reduce welfare in an endogenous taxation framework. 相似文献
138.
Rainer Schlittgen 《Statistical Papers》2009,50(2):451-452
139.
140.
Peter Nunnenkamp Albena Sotirova Rainer Thiele 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2016,34(6):831-849
Acknowledging that aid proliferation and a lack of coordination impair aid effectiveness, donors have repeatedly promised to specialize and better coordinate their aid activities, notably in the Paris Declaration of 2005. We exploit data on the exact location of aid projects in Malawi to assess whether the country's bilateral and multilateral donors have acted accordingly at the district and sector level. We do not find compelling evidence for increased aid specialization after the Paris Declaration, and the regional division of labour among donors may even have deteriorated. Our within‐country evidence thus broadly corroborates what previous studies have found at the national level of recipient countries. 相似文献