Learning new behaviour patterns: a longitudinal test of Karasek's active learning hypothesis among Dutch teachers

This investigation deals with the active learning hypothesis in Karasek and Theorell's (1990) job demands-control model. The active learning hypothesis holds that high levels of learning and self-efficacy will occur among incumbents of high job demands/high job control jobs, whereas low levels of learning and self-efficacy will be found in low demands/low control jobs. This study tested these notions in the context of a two-wave study conducted over a period of one year among 876 Dutch teachers. Regression analysis revealed that job demands had a lagged negative (rather than a positive) effect on learning and self-efficacy; as expected, job control had a positive effect. Thus, the highest levels of learning and self-efficacy were found among incumbents of high control/low demands jobs (and not among incumbents of high control/high demands jobs). Further, the effects of changes in work characteristics on changes in learning behaviour and self-efficacy were examined, providing additional evidence that especially the transition from a low demands/low control to a high demands/low control job is associated with a strong deterioration of learning and self-efficacy. It is concluded that future research should address the interrelationships between learning and strain, preferably using longitudinal designs.     

关于材料类本科专业设置演化的思考

通过分析材料类本科专业发展的历史和现状 ,总结出我国专业设置的经验和教训 ,探讨材料类本科专业的设置模式 ,提出材料类本科以材料科学与工程大学科设置专业和专业方向的设想 ,为制定材料类专业教学改革思路提供有益的参考     

Non-profit institutions in an input-output framework

This paper discusses the conceptual treatment of non-profit institutions in the US input-output (I-O) accounts prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, describes the sources and methods used to identify and measure the output of non-profits by I-O industry, and analyses the published benchmark I-O data for 1982 identifying output attributable to non-profits. In the context of the I-O framework, which is detailed and comprehensive, some conceptual and statistical questions associated with the treatment of non-profits are identified and discussed. These issues of definition, scope and measurement are particularly pertinent in light of the recommendations in the 1993 international System of National Accounts on sectoring and on presentation of flows.The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments of colleagues at the Bureau of Economic Analysis and other participants in the Workshop, as well as those of two anonymous reviewers. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author's own. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the US Department of Commerce.     

民俗:民众生活方式的模式化--民俗定义、性质新论

从生存活动的主体存在角度论述民俗的定义和性质是对传统民俗学客观化研究的反拔。民俗是人类在生存活动中为持存发展生命所创造、享用和传承的一种生活化。民俗的化结构的模态化证明，民众不仅生活在物质形态的化中，更生存于精神信仰性观念化中。人类与民俗相伴而生，从远古一直走到现代。民俗是民众的一种生活方式。     

外语教学中学生翻译能力的培养

在英语专业的基础英语教学中 ,学生的英汉互译能力还很薄弱 ,包括笔译和口译。基础英语教学应在这方面为学生的进一步学习打下坚实的基础     

政治文明：21世纪中国政治发展的基本价值取向

江泽民同志关于建设社会主义政治文明的重要论述,对于中国共产党在新的历史时期坚持和发展邓小平理论、大力推进我国社会主义政治的发展具有十分重要的意义。政治文明的提出是对邓小平政治发展理论研究的进一步深化,是21世纪中国政治发展的基本价值取向。     

Recycling in multi-family dwellings: Increasing participation and decreasing contamination

This study explored the promotion of recycling in multi-family dwellings. An experimental design investigated four behavior change techniques: biweekly postcards giving specific feedback to each dwelling unit as to quantity and contamination of the recyclables, newsletters giving general information on recycling and the amount recycled by the city as a whole, written pledges committing households to recycle for a specified period, and volunteer coordinators who distributed information and answered questions from residents. The effectiveness of these techniques was compared against that of a control group. The findings suggest that volunteer coordinators are not an effective intervention technique in multi-family dwellings, and that feedback and commitment techniques are useful mainly for managing contamination in medium sized complexes. The data also suggest that the size of a multi-family dwelling complex significantly affects the amount of recyclables collected and the level of contamination. Smaller complexes with less than ten units recycled up to three times the amount on a per unit basis as complexes with more units. Smaller units also had fewer problems with contamination in their recyclables. Several explanations are offered for the poor participation and performance in larger complexes.     

Testing between alternative models of choice under uncertainty: Some initial results

Experiments have identified a number of well-known violations of expected utility theory, giving rise to alternative models of choice under uncertainty, all of which are able to explain these violations. In this article, predictions of several prominent rival formulations are examined. No single alternative consistently organizes choices. Among the more important inconsistencies, we identify conditions generating systematic fanning in of indifference curves in the unit probability triangle, and find risk-loving over a number of gambles with all positive payoffs, in cases where prospect theory predicts risk aversion.     

The Socio-Political Dynamics of the October Events1

L'analyse consiste à situer les événements d'octobre dans le contexte du changement qui s'est déroulé dans l'ensemble de la société, surtout en autant que ce changement comportait une nouvelle repartition du pouvoir et de l'influence dans divers secteurs institutionnels ou des tentatives dans ce sens. Le FLQ était un des groupes engagés dans ce processus et s'est distingué par les tactiques et les moyens utilisés. L'étude propose quelques explications du recours à la violence par le FLQ. Les enlèvements de M. Cross et de M. Laporte sont devenus un événement politique important pour des raisons qui vont au-delà du fait qu'ils etaient des personnages politiques. Il s'agissait d'une situation non définie que divers groupes engagés dans le changement du partage du pouvoir ont tenté de structurer à leur avantage. L'étude se termine par un examen de quelques questions ayant trait à la fonction d'autorité dans de telles circonstances. The events of October 1970 are examined in the light of the change taking place in the society at large, particularly as this change involves the redistribution and attempts at the redistribution of power and influence in various institutional domains. The FLQ is seen as one of the various groups involved in this process, although through the use of unconventional tactics and means. Some of the reasons for the use of violent means by the FLQ are suggested. The reasons why the kidnapping of Mr Cross and of Mr Laporte became a major political event, other than the fact that these men were political figures, are explored using the notion that the events brought about an undefined situation that a number of groups involved in the redistribution of power attempted to structure to their advantage. Finally, a number of questions concerning the exercise of authority in such circumstances are discussed.