Self-generated motives for gambling in two population-based samples of gamblers

In the present study, self-generated responses to a question regarding reasons for gambling from two epidemiological surveys were combined and placed into another earlier motivational model for alcohol use, adapted for gambling. Of the 3601 reasons, 954 could be categorised into the model's categories: (a) coping motives (internal, negative reinforcement); (b) enhancement motives (internal, positive reinforcement); and (c) social motives (external, positive reinforcement). Results indicate that coping gamblers experienced greater gambling severity and psychopathology, enhancement gamblers were most likely to gamble while intoxicated and social gamblers were more likely to choose socially-related gambling. An examination of remaining motives suggests additional categories may be warranted – specifically financial and charitable reasons. These findings offer some support for the model; however, it may need to be expanded to account for other motives. The study highlights the advantages and limitations of using self-generated reasons to study gambling motivation.     

On Body Snatching: How the Rhetoric of Globalization Elides Cultural Difference in ‘Bodies… The Exhibition’

Rhetorical practices warrant analysis amid contemporary globalization, as discourses frame international museum and science-styled exhibit display practices by drawing attention toward idealized human global unity and away from concern for respecting differences between westerners and Chinese persons. Among such international practices, recent displays of deceased human bodies, cleaned and entertainingly posed, have appeared in museums and other exhibition centers in major cities around the world. These displays have given rise to significant ethical questions regarding the use of undocumented Chinese bodies. In this analysis of ‘Bodies… The Exhibition’, which has been central to those ethical questions, we examine how rhetorical strategies of realist discourse and identification through commonality invoke a rhetoric of globalization that reinforces western international privilege by situating plasticized Chinese bodies within truth claims about human similarity that eschew intercultural understandings and issues of intercultural respect.

Las prácticas retóricas justifican un análisis en medio de la globalización contemporánea, en la manera como los debates enmarcan a los museos internacionales y a las prácticas de exhibiciones de estilo científico, llamando la atención hacia la unidad global humana idealizada y lejos de alguna preocupación por respetar las diferencias entre las personas occidentales y chinas. Entre tales prácticas internacionales, exhibiciones recientes de cuerpos fallecidos, limpios y expuestos para entretener, han aparecido en museos y otros centros de exhibición en grandes ciudades alrededor del mundo. Estas exposiciones han dado origen a preguntas éticas de importancia sobre el uso de cuerpos chinos indocumentados. En este análisis sobre “Cuerpos – La Exhibición” que ha estado en el centro de esas preguntas éticas, analizamos cómo las estrategias retóricas de un debate realista y de identificación a través de elementos comunes, explican una retórica de la globalización que refuerza el privilegio internacional occidental, al situar cuerpos chinos plastificados mediante las pretensiones de la verdad sobre la similitud humana, que rechaza a los entendimientos interculturales y asuntos del respeto intercultural.

当代全球化中的修辞实践（惯例）为分析辩解,这一点在国际博物馆的话语和吸引人们的注意力到理想化的人类全球大团结和远离尊重西方人和中国人之间差异的关切的科学风格的展览实践中得到反映。在这些国际实践中,被清洁的和娱乐性地姿势的死亡人体的最近展出,已经出现在世界各大都市的博物馆和其它展览中心。

这些展出已经引出了有关使用未有正式注册的华人尸体（the use of undocumented Chinese bodies）的严重的道德问题。本文是关于“尸体. . .展览”的分析,中心是针对这些道德问题,检讨通过共同性的现实主义话语和认证的修辞策略如何援引某种全球化的修辞来加强西方的国际特权, 即把塑化的华人尸体置于关于人类相似性的真理情境下,这种相似性回避了跨文化的理解和跨文化尊重的种种议题。

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Риторический анализ гарантирует практику на фоне современной глобализации, в качестве дискурса - создание Международного музея и разработанные наукой методы экспозиции, привлекающие внимание к идеализированному человеческому глобальному единству и отвлекающие от беспокойства за соблюдение различий между западными жителями и китайскими людьми. Среди таких международных практик недавние выставки мертвых человеческих тел, очищенных и расставленных в забавных позах, они появились в музеях и выставочных центрах крупных городов всего мира. Эти демонстрации привели к значительным этическим вопросам по поводу использования недокументированных китайских органов. В анализе "Тела…Выставка”, который занимает центральное место в этих этических вопросах, мы рассмотрим, как риторические стратегии реалистического дискурса и идентификации через общность призывают риторику глобализации, которая усиливает западную международную привилегию совмещать пластифицированные китайские органы и утверждения об истинности сходства людей, и которая сторонится межкультурных соглашений и вопросов межкультурного уважения.     

The effect of parental labor supply on child schooling: evidence from trade liberalization in India

This paper estimates the effect of changes in maternal and paternal labor supply on the schooling rates of children in India using the variation in industry-specific tariffs during a period of trade liberalization. The results show that an increase in maternal labor supplied outside of the household leads to a higher schooling probability for younger children. Specifically, a 1 day per week increase in maternal labor supply is associated with an approximately 5 % points increase in the schooling probability for children between the ages of 7 and 10. However, father’s labor supply has an insignificant effect on child schooling across all specifications. The effect for older children between the ages of 11 and 14, who face a tradeoff between schooling, market work, and domestic work, is also found to be insignificant.     

Brazilian Gold,Cuban Copper and the Final Frontier of British Anti-Slavery

This paper concerns the problems that transnational mining companies posed for British abolitionists in the years after emancipation in Britain's Caribbean empire. British-owned mines, operating in Cuba and Brazil, were the largest slave enterprises in the western hemisphere c. 1840. Abolitionists were, of course, outraged by the existence of London-based companies that exploited slave labour, but an attempt in 1843 to prohibit the owning of slaves by British subjects anywhere in the world, regardless of local jurisdiction, proved ineffectual. This paper explores the reasons for this failure and raises questions about the potency of abolitionism within early Victorian political culture.     

Research Misconduct Definitions Adopted by U.S. Research Institutions

In 2000, the U.S. federal government adopted a uniform definition of research misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism (FFP), which became effective in 2001. Institutions must apply this definition of misconduct to federally-funded research to receive funding. While institutions are free to adopt definitions of misconduct that go beyond the federal standard, it is not known how many do. We analyzed misconduct policies from 183 U.S. research institutions and coded them according to thirteen different types of behavior mentioned in the misconduct definition. We also obtained data on the institution’s total research funding and public vs. private status, and the year it adopted the definition. We found that more than half (59%) of the institutions in our sample had misconduct policies that went beyond the federal standard. Other than FFP, the most common behaviors included in definitions were “other serious deviations” (45.4%), “significant or material violations of regulations” (23.0%), “misuse of confidential information” (15.8%), “misconduct related to misconduct” (14.8%), “unethical authorship other than plagiarism” (14.2%), “other deception involving data manipulation” (13.1%), and “misappropriation of property/theft” (10.4%). Significantly more definitions adopted in 2001 or later went beyond the federal standard than those adopted before 2001 (73.2% vs. 26.8%), and significantly more definitions adopted by institutions in the lower quartile of total research funding went beyond the federal standard than those adopted by institutions in the upper quartiles. Public vs. private status was not significantly associated with going beyond the federal standard.     

Air pollution and depressive symptomatology: Exploratory analyses of intervening psychosocial factors

Exploratory modelling revealed associations of individual perceptions, social factors, and physical components of air pollution with depressive symptomatology. Residents of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area who have experienced a recent, undesirable life event and who perceive poor air quality in their neighborhood have greater symptoms of depression. These effects control for socioeconomic status and prior psychological status. In addition we show that perceived air quality is a function of both toxic components of ambient air as well as individual psychosocial experiences.This research was supported by the National Institute for Mental Health (MH 28924-10A1) and the Southern California Edison Health Effects Research Laboratory (J-1909902). We thank Jean Ospital, Len Edwards, and Julian Foon for their assistance. Reprint requests should be sent to Gary Evans, Program in Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717.     

Humour in the Ancient World

Since the ending of the Second World War and the establishment of the United Nations, the international concept of racism, first initialised in the 1930s, has been inscribed in an unacknowledged conceptual double bind. Western political culture has inherited a hegemonic concept of racism that foregrounds those meanings associated with the anti‐fascist critiques of the Jewish Holocaust, while foreclosing subaltern anti‐colonial critiques centred on Western Imperialism. This can be taken to suggest a divergence within a western tradition of critical thought that in one of its guises occurs between the view that ‘‘race’ thinking’ resembles ideological exceptionality and the contrary view that ‘race relations’ approximates colonial conventions. The present essay explores the extent to which these views are constituted conceptually and dialogically in opposition and divergence. This is defined as racism's conceptual double bind. In other words, the international concept of racism is doubly bound into revealing its imprints in nationalism and concealing its anchorage in liberalism; or recognising extremist ideology while denying routine governmentality. The essay, therefore, asks the following: is it im/plausible to deny that there is an inescapable conceptual double bind between these differing conceptualisations of racism that has been ignored by the dominant social science traditions in the West? The idea of a double bind in the concept of racism, reiterated throughout this essay, is not to be confused with the proposition that there are two concepts of racism. On the contrary, during the twentieth‐century conceptualisation of racism, there have rather been two distinct orientations, the hegemonic Eurocentric and the subaltern De/colonial, based on conflicting yet dialogical paradigmatic experiences of the referent of racism.     

Differential Impacts of Stressors on Sense of Belonging

A number of personal and familial stressors are supposedly stressful. However, their individual impacts on the person’s sense of belonging remain largely uncharted. The study thereby examines the impacts of the stressors in general and in relation to personal and familial background characteristics. Such examination adheres to the perspective of resource theory, which envisions that resources are salutary and relieving the stress of stressors by compensating for resource loss. A survey of 1,200 residents in Taiwan provided data for the examination. Results revealed that work-to-family conflict and family disbanding were two stressors weakening sense of belonging. Furthermore, the former stressor was more stressful to people of higher social class, whereas the latter stressor was more stressful to people with higher family income but lower education. The results imply certain ways to employ resources properly to tackle the stress of stressors.