奥地利学派的主观主义认识论与交易费用经济学范式的未来发展：一个偶然的理论猜测——为张五常教授七十寿诞而作

“交易费用”是新制度经济学的一个核心和基石性概念,但从科斯教授提出这个概念那一天起,在经济学界尤其是新制度学派内部对这个概念的理解和界定上就存在巨大的理论分歧。这个问题不解决,整个交易费用经济学分析范式的大厦无疑像是建立在沙滩之上。韦森与张五常在有关交易费用概念及其功用的理解上的争论,已显露出界定和使用交易费用概念进行制度分析的复杂性和困难。通过回顾奥地利学派的主观主义认识论的思想方法,本文猜测,未来交易费用经济学范式的复兴和发展可能有赖于其吸纳奥地利学派的主观成本论。     

营造良好的理论创新的客观环境

理论创新与理论创造主体所处的社会客观环境有着密切联系。探讨影响理论创新的客观要素,自觉营造有利于百花齐放、百家争鸣的理论春天,对于促进我国哲学社会科学的繁荣,指导我国社会主义现代化建设实践有着极为重要的意义。当前,形成鼓励创新的社会评价标准,加强鼓励创新的制度建设,确立鼓励创新的体制、机制,对于良好的理论创新的客观环境的营造尤为紧迫。     

英汉动物词的文化内涵

英汉动物词所承载的寓意反映了英汉民族的文化内涵。英汉动物词在英汉两个民族的生活环境、生活习性、宗教信仰、价值观念等四个方面存在着差异 ,分析、研究它们之间的异同 ,对促进英语教学和进行跨文化交际有重要的现实意义     

On the Limitations of Redundancies in the Improvement of System Reliability

Some program managers share a common belief that adding a redundant component to a system reduces the probability of failure by half. This is true only if the failures of the redundant components are independent events, which is rarely the case. For example, the redundant components may be subjected to the same external loads. There is, however, in general a decrease in the failure probability of the system. Nonetheless, the redundant element comes at a cost, even if it is less than that of developing the first one when both are based on the same design. Identical parts save the most in terms of design costs, but are subjected to common failure modes from possible design errors that limit the effectiveness of the redundancy. In the development of critical systems, managers thus need to decide if the costs of a parallel system are justified by the increase in the system's reliability. NASA, for example, has used redundant spacecraft to increase the chances of mission success, which worked well in the cases of the Viking and Voyager missions. These two successes, however, do not guarantee future ones. We present here a risk analysis framework accounting for dependencies to support the decision to launch at the same time a twin mission of identical spacecraft, given incremental costs and risk-reduction benefits of the second one. We illustrate this analytical approach with the case of the Mars Exploration Rovers launched by NASA in 2003, for which we had performed this assessment in 2001.     

《青年杂志》相承《甲寅》论

陈独秀创办《青年杂志》时并没有成熟的办刊思想,而是沿用《甲寅》的办刊宗旨,相袭其编辑思路,依靠其作者队伍,以宣传青年文化为核心,提供国外的新思想、新文艺,鼓吹个性解放,宣扬个人主义,辅导青年“修身治国之道”,在对个体和群体关系的认识上突破民初的思想文化格局。     

大学英语写作教学模式

阐述了大学英语写作是培养学生的英语综合应用能力的重要教学手段。“准备材料—起草—反复修改—定稿”的写作程序是一种行之有效的教学模式。强调指出教师在指导学生写作教学中应注意的问题。     

SEX ROLE CONSIDERATIONS AND BEHAVIORAL MARITAL THERAPY: EQUAL DOES NOT MEAN IDENTICAL*

Despite the egalitarian position espoused in behavioral marital therapy, little attention has been paid to sex role issues and female-male differences. This paper explores advantages and disadvantages of behavioral marital therapy vis à vis the treatment of women and men. Features of behavioral marital therapy implicated as important in the consideration of sex role issues include underlying assumptions of egalitarianism, assumptions of external causality, and orientation toward action, as well as specific procedures such as goal setting, behavioral exchange and training in communication and problem-solving skills. Each of these features is evaluated with respect to clinical considerations as well as to research findings on female-male differences in marriage. The paper concludes with recommendations as to how behavioral marital therapy could become more sensitive to sex role issues.     

Some Implications for Management Development of Research into Managers' Moral Dilemmas

In this paper, we present two cases of moral dilemmas as told by the managers who had faced them. We analyse the cases, drawing on frameworks developed by Toffler (1986), Kohlberg (1981) and Maclagan (1990). We also comment on the broader findings of the research from which the cases were taken. These analyses and findings and those of other researchers (e.g. Waters et al., 1986) suggest a number of requisite ‘moral attributes’ for managers and have, we argue, significant implications for the curriculum for ethical education and development for managers and intending managers. One is that case material needs to reflect more strongly the actual experiences of practising managers; another is that there is scope for wider use of experiential methods on management ethics courses. We conclude with a call for a multifaceted approach to ethical education as a lifespan process entailing the development of personal and interpersonal skills and qualities, and self-knowledge as well as cognitive skills. While we acknowledge that ethical education needs to take account of learners' differing levels of prior experience, stages of moral development and levels of learning maturity, our over-riding concern is that learners are prepared for and helped to live through the very ‘real’ dilemmas that they are likely to experience in managerial work.     

Sensitivity to bodily nonverbal communication as a factor in practitioner-patient rapport

The relationship between physicians' nonverbal sensitivity and the satisfaction of their patients was tested in two field studies. In the first study, 40 physicians were given a film test of nonverbal sensitivity (the PONS test) and were evaluated by their patients. The second study was a replication using 31 additional physicians. Most noteworthy for research in therapeutic interaction, the present studies contained three methodological advances: (1) the use of actual patients' ratings of satisfaction with treatment, (2) the extension of research from psychological to medical settings, and (3) the use of a standardized test of nonverbal decoding skill. Physicians' skill at reading the emotion conveyed through the nonverbal channel of body movement was found to be significantly correlated with their interpersonal success with patients in the clinical setting.The authors would like to thank Donald Dickson, M.D., Mary Ann Spadaro, M.D., Louise M. Prince, John L. Helmuth, Jr., Helene M. Murphy, and the physicians and patients who participated in the research. Study I was supported by a Peter B. Livingston Fellowship from the Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Study II by a W. K. Kellogg Fellowship from the Hospital Research and Educational Trust, both to the senior author.