时尚的社会心理特点

时尚是一个普遍存在的社会现象，从社会心理角度研究时尚有助于切入时尚的本质。时尚的社会心理特征表现为：创新与模仿的上行下效；领潮与赶潮的双向互动；同化与分化的群体归属；内隐与外显的社会面具；尚美与自由的精神追求。     

Popular and Rejected Children's Reasoning Regarding Negative Emotions in Social Situations: The Role of Gender

Two studies compared popular and rejected children's reasoning regarding social interactions involving negative emotions. The first study, with 23 rejected and 23 popular 10‐ to 11‐year‐olds, involved hypothetical social scenarios where a classmate ‘victim’ was likely to experience a negative emotion. Although popular and rejected children both recognized negative emotions and were equally likely to suggest helping behaviour to aid the victim, there were gender effects on the type of helping behaviour suggested. Specifically, popular girls were significantly more likely to offer comforting behaviour than advice whereas popular boys offered advice more than comfort; no such preferences were exhibited by the rejected children. Furthermore, popular girls were significantly more likely than other children to refer to emotional states when justifying their helping response. In the second study, 30 popular and 30 rejected eight‐ to 10‐year‐olds identified the motives behind story characters' efforts to mask negative emotions. Popular girls were more likely to identify the target motives than rejected girls, but no such difference was apparent for the boys. The results are discussed in the light of evidence regarding gender differences in peer interaction patterns.     

奥地利学派的主观主义认识论与交易费用经济学范式的未来发展：一个偶然的理论猜测——为张五常教授七十寿诞而作

“交易费用”是新制度经济学的一个核心和基石性概念,但从科斯教授提出这个概念那一天起,在经济学界尤其是新制度学派内部对这个概念的理解和界定上就存在巨大的理论分歧。这个问题不解决,整个交易费用经济学分析范式的大厦无疑像是建立在沙滩之上。韦森与张五常在有关交易费用概念及其功用的理解上的争论,已显露出界定和使用交易费用概念进行制度分析的复杂性和困难。通过回顾奥地利学派的主观主义认识论的思想方法,本文猜测,未来交易费用经济学范式的复兴和发展可能有赖于其吸纳奥地利学派的主观成本论。     

论工程造价的有效控制

建筑安装工程造价的有效控制,应该以优秀的工程设计为前提,工程招投标为核心,施工管理为重要环节,竣工结算为关键,“以人为本”是基础。工程造价的控制是贯穿于项目建设全过程的控制,即在投资决策阶段、设计阶段、建设项目发包阶段和建设实施阶段,将工程造价控制在批准的造价限额以内。     

营造良好的理论创新的客观环境

理论创新与理论创造主体所处的社会客观环境有着密切联系。探讨影响理论创新的客观要素,自觉营造有利于百花齐放、百家争鸣的理论春天,对于促进我国哲学社会科学的繁荣,指导我国社会主义现代化建设实践有着极为重要的意义。当前,形成鼓励创新的社会评价标准,加强鼓励创新的制度建设,确立鼓励创新的体制、机制,对于良好的理论创新的客观环境的营造尤为紧迫。     

英汉动物词的文化内涵

英汉动物词所承载的寓意反映了英汉民族的文化内涵。英汉动物词在英汉两个民族的生活环境、生活习性、宗教信仰、价值观念等四个方面存在着差异 ,分析、研究它们之间的异同 ,对促进英语教学和进行跨文化交际有重要的现实意义     

On the Limitations of Redundancies in the Improvement of System Reliability

Some program managers share a common belief that adding a redundant component to a system reduces the probability of failure by half. This is true only if the failures of the redundant components are independent events, which is rarely the case. For example, the redundant components may be subjected to the same external loads. There is, however, in general a decrease in the failure probability of the system. Nonetheless, the redundant element comes at a cost, even if it is less than that of developing the first one when both are based on the same design. Identical parts save the most in terms of design costs, but are subjected to common failure modes from possible design errors that limit the effectiveness of the redundancy. In the development of critical systems, managers thus need to decide if the costs of a parallel system are justified by the increase in the system's reliability. NASA, for example, has used redundant spacecraft to increase the chances of mission success, which worked well in the cases of the Viking and Voyager missions. These two successes, however, do not guarantee future ones. We present here a risk analysis framework accounting for dependencies to support the decision to launch at the same time a twin mission of identical spacecraft, given incremental costs and risk-reduction benefits of the second one. We illustrate this analytical approach with the case of the Mars Exploration Rovers launched by NASA in 2003, for which we had performed this assessment in 2001.