Individual Differences in Infant Oculomotor Behavior During the Viewing of Complex Naturalistic Scenes

Little research hitherto has examined how individual differences in attention, as assessed using standard experimental paradigms, relate to individual differences in how attention is spontaneously allocated in more naturalistic contexts. Here, we analyzed the time intervals between refoveating eye movements (fixation durations) while typically developing 11‐month‐old infants viewed a 90‐min battery ranging from complex dynamic to noncomplex static materials. The same infants also completed experimental assessments of cognitive control, psychomotor reaction times (RT), processing speed (indexed via peak look during habituation), and arousal (indexed via tonic pupil size). High test–retest reliability was found for fixation duration, across testing sessions and across types of viewing material. Increased cognitive control and increased arousal were associated with reduced variability in fixation duration. For fixations to dynamic stimuli, in which a large proportion of saccades may be exogenously cued, we found that psychomotor RT measures were most predictive of mean fixation duration; for fixations to static stimuli, in contrast, in which there is less exogenous attentional capture, we found that psychomotor RT did not predict performance, but that measures of cognitive control and arousal did. The implications of these findings for understanding the development of attentional control in naturalistic settings are discussed.     

State of the Art in Risk Analysis of Workforce Criticality Influencing Disaster Preparedness for Interdependent Systems

The objective of this article is to discuss a needed paradigm shift in disaster risk analysis to emphasize the role of the workforce in managing the recovery of interdependent infrastructure and economic systems. Much of the work that has been done on disaster risk analysis has focused primarily on preparedness and recovery strategies for disrupted infrastructure systems. The reliability of systems such as transportation, electric power, and telecommunications is crucial in sustaining business processes, supply chains, and regional livelihoods, as well as ensuring the availability of vital services in the aftermath of disasters. There has been a growing momentum in recognizing workforce criticality in the aftermath of disasters; nevertheless, significant gaps still remain in modeling, assessing, and managing workforce disruptions and their associated ripple effects to other interdependent systems. The workforce plays a pivotal role in ensuring that a disrupted region continues to function and subsequently recover from the adverse effects of disasters. With this in mind, this article presents a review of recent studies that have underscored the criticality of workforce sectors in formulating synergistic preparedness and recovery policies for interdependent infrastructure and regional economic systems.     

基于企业社会责任的闭环供应链超网络均衡模型

文章为研究企业社会责任对闭环供应链总体效率及决策行为的影响,考虑到多层多成员多目标决策的闭环供应链网络中同层非合作竞争决策者,以利润最大、排放废气最小、风险最小为目标,构建了由供应商、制造商、零售商、需求市场和回收商组成的超网络模型.该模型利用均衡理论及变分不等式的方法分析各层决策者的独立决策行为及其相互作用,并通过改进的投影梯度算法求得均衡点.通过三个算例分析得出企业社会责任水平对产品的交易平衡和价格水平的影响.     

An Integrated Risk Assessment Model of Township‐Scaled Land Subsidence Based on an Evidential Reasoning Algorithm and Fuzzy Set Theory

Land subsidence risk assessment (LSRA) is a multi‐attribute decision analysis (MADA) problem and is often characterized by both quantitative and qualitative attributes with various types of uncertainty. Therefore, the problem needs to be modeled and analyzed using methods that can handle uncertainty. In this article, we propose an integrated assessment model based on the evidential reasoning (ER) algorithm and fuzzy set theory. The assessment model is structured as a hierarchical framework that regards land subsidence risk as a composite of two key factors: hazard and vulnerability. These factors can be described by a set of basic indicators defined by assessment grades with attributes for transforming both numerical data and subjective judgments into a belief structure. The factor‐level attributes of hazard and vulnerability are combined using the ER algorithm, which is based on the information from a belief structure calculated by the Dempster‐Shafer (D‐S) theory, and a distributed fuzzy belief structure calculated by fuzzy set theory. The results from the combined algorithms yield distributed assessment grade matrices. The application of the model to the Xixi‐Chengnan area, China, illustrates its usefulness and validity for LSRA. The model utilizes a combination of all types of evidence, including all assessment information—quantitative or qualitative, complete or incomplete, and precise or imprecise—to provide assessment grades that define risk assessment on the basis of hazard and vulnerability. The results will enable risk managers to apply different risk prevention measures and mitigation planning based on the calculated risk states.     

薪酬参照体的效应研究:基于多表征的路径模型与相对重要性

参照体选择在分配公平、薪酬满意研究中扮演重要角色,而以往研究多是关注焦点对象与参照体在薪酬上的数量差异。本文认为,参照体"数量差异"并不能完整表征参照体的效应,为此提出了"信息知晓度"、"判断关联性"、"比较频率"、"数量差异"等四类表征,在理论基础上构造路径模型与研究假设。实证研究表明,信息知晓度、判断关联性正向影响特定参照体的比较频率;数量差异正向影响分配公平、薪酬水平满意,比较频率负向影响分配公平、薪酬水平满意。通过三种研究路径的比较研究证实,自我生活成本等七类参照体相对重要。未来亟需就参照体选择的相关机制在纵贯上、在不同的组织情境下及考虑个体差异等方面予以深入考察。     

《鹿特丹规则》中“门到门”运输及其影响

《鹿特丹规则》的立法宗旨在于实现海上货物运输法律的统一。它对海上货物运输中相关主体的权利义务进行了重新分配,尤其是其中的"门到门"运输,加重了承运人的义务,这种权利义务的再分配,对海上保险法律制度必然会造成一定的影响。文章从《鹿特丹规则》"门到门"运输的基本内涵的研究出发,探讨了"门到门"运输下承运人义务的变化,分析了该规则的主要影响尤其是对海上保险可能造成的影响,以及海上保险法律制度的完善路径。     

Child‐caregiver Attachment Representations in a Non‐Western Context: The Feasibility and Cultural Equivalence of Story Stems in Urban Ghana

Story stem measures are an increasingly popular method for assessing the attachment representations of young children, but little is known of their cross‐cultural applicability. This study aimed to characterise the attachment representations in 73 five‐ to eight‐year‐old children in urban Ghana, West Africa, using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST) to test its feasibility, psychometric characteristics and concurrent associations with caregiver‐ and teacher‐rated child behaviour, and to conduct a qualitative thematic analysis of methodological observations. Among the classifiable cases (92 percent), all attachment classifications were observed, yielding a higher rate of secure attachment than in European samples. Inter‐rater reliability, internal consistency, and internal structure were reasonable and largely similar to European studies, although one structural difference was the separation of ‘child assuagement of distress’ from other secure‐related items. MCAST narratives were associated with teacher‐ and caregiver‐rated hyperactivity, but internal consistency was low in most Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scales. Possible culturally‐sensitive explanations for our psychometric and qualitative findings are discussed. Overall, story stems are a promising tool for accessing attachment representations in non‐Western samples, although modifications are likely to improve cross‐cultural equivalence when applied to non‐Western cultures. Further investigation is needed to link MCAST outcomes to parenting and socio‐emotional development.     

类文明:全球化时代中国式民主的应然走向

中国式民主是人类民主类型中的一支新秀。如同任何类型的民主一样,中国式民主包含着内在精神和外在形式两个主要方面。就其内在精神来看,中国式民主以其创新的理论体系演绎着民主的普遍精神;就其外在形式来看,中国式民主又以其独特的实现形式丰富了人类民主的具体形式。因此,中国式民主是中国的,但又是人类的。在全球化时代,发展中国式民主必须具有开放的胸襟和广纳的气魄——即具有类文明的自觉。只有准确地把握中国式民主的精神实质和具体实现形式,在坚持中国特色的同时,不断增强"类文明"的成分,才能发展好中国式民主,建设社会主义政治文明。从一定意义上讲,不断走向"类文明",正是中国式民主的基本走向和最终归宿。     

汉语同源字考

本文旨在为王力著的《同源字典》拾遗补阙。有些字王力的著作虽已收录、考释，但这些字还有别的意义，尚可与另一些字构成另一对（或一组）同源字（即“同源词”）。本文依照“音近义通”的原则考释同源字。     

大城市边缘区人居环境问题及其优化调控研究——以广州市为例

以广州市边缘区为典型案例,深入剖析了大城市边缘区人居环境问题,包括过度依赖外资、生态环境隐患、建设用地无序扩张、违章建筑、房地产开发失衡与基础设施配套滞后、传统文化衰落等,并针对性地提出优化调控措施:促进产业结构改造与升级,完善基础设施和公共服务设施配套,实施生态环境保护与综合整治,加强房地产开发的政府引导,推进边缘区管理体制改革;完善边缘区规划体系。