Empirically supported ethical research practice: the costs and benefits of research from the participants' view

Researchers and institutional review boards are routinely called upon to evaluate the cost-benefit status of proposed research protocols that involve human participants. Often these assessments are based on subjective judgments in the absence of empirical data. This reliance on subjective judgments is of particular concern for studies involving clinical samples where unfounded assumptions may adversely affect research progress or clinical outcomes. The Reactions to Research Participation Questionnaire (RRPQ) was designed to address this shortcoming and to help promote ethical decision making about research practice. The present study describes development of the RRPQ and presents a series of exploratory and confirmatory analyses investigating its structure. Based on these findings, a revised version of the instrument and suggestions for future research are presented. This approach provides a foundation for scientifically informed protection of human subjects.     

Psychiatric inpatients' experience of nursing observation. A United Kingdom perspective

1. Nursing observation is a key component of psychiatric inpatient nursing care. 2. Patients' experiences of being observed are strongly influenced by the attitudes and behaviors of the observing nurses. 3. Patients prefer to be observed by nurses they know and who talk to them.     

Maximizing learning outcomes by videotaping nursing students' interactions with a standardized patient

1. Videotaping is a beneficial instructional methodology to help undergraduate students develop awareness of their strengths and opportunities for growth in therapeutic interactional skills. 2. Educational interventions with undergraduate students provide an opportunity to involve doctoral students in vital instruction, research, and knowledge dissemination through publication and presentation. 3. Allowing novice nurses to view their interactional skills with a simulated patient can reduce the anxiety they experience in first therapeutic encounters with assigned patients. 4. Continuous quality improvement in educational methodology is dependent on listening carefully to students who have invaluable feedback to offer and making appropriate correction as indicated.     

Health maintenance behaviors of individuals with severe and persistent mental illness in a state prison

The purpose of this grounded theory study is to define health and health-seeking behaviors of incarcerated individuals experiencing severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) in a state prison. The strategies used to prevent loss of control and maintain health in the prison environment were examined. Nineteen incarcerated individuals with SPMI were interviewed in a state prison. Constant comparative analysis of the data revealed that while establishing a "fit" with the core variable "loss of control" and its identified properties, differences were found in the enactment of health maintenance behaviors related to properties in the prison environment. Several of these behaviors are inconsistent with behaviors expected of individuals in a community day treatment center and reflect a need for bridging programs to facilitate entry into the "free" world. Correctional nurses and mental health providers in this system can advocate for incarcerated individuals with SPMI by developing programs that provide cost-effective intermediate care and collaborating with community health systems for continuity of care. The findings related to alcohol and drug abuse among incarcerated individuals with SPMI challenges mental health providers in both correctional facilities and community-based programs to generate appropriate and effective substance abuse treatment programs for these individuals.     

'Bataille's boys': postmodernity, Fascists and football fans

In his analysis of football hooliganism, Anthony King claims to reveal the historical, conceptual scheme young, male supporters draw upon. This 'masculine vision', he states, is similar to that held by the Freikorps. Both groups are said to adhere to modernist notions of masculinity, sexuality and nationhood, reinforced by rituals which maintain boundaries between these 'proper' males and deviant 'others'. Occasionally, football hooligans breach these boundaries in acts of postmodern transgression. King also claims that fans link sex and violence in their imaginations. In this response I examine King's critique of his fellow theorists; challenge his 'Freikorps-Fans' analogy; demonstrate the problem he has in establishing the sex-violence link and question the relevance of his concept of postmodernity.     

Recent migrations from Morocco to Spain

"This study addressed the problem of the Moroccan immigration into Spain within the context of South-North movements, focusing on analyzing provisional data from the last immigrant regularization in the country completed during the end months of 1991."     

美国的两性和家庭

美国妇女的工资只为男人工资的60%,而且这一比率已四十多年未变动。这一事实不论对妇女运动的支持者或反对者来讲都令人感到尴尬。目前大学毕业的妇女一般还挣不到高中未毕业的男子的工资。而且大多数妇女只能接受工资低、无升迁希望的职业。1977年11月在休斯敦开了个全国妇女代表大会,约有2,000名代表出席,还有候补代表和列席代表共一万多人。代表大会上妇女们意见纷纭。这种争执由来已久。早在1923年全国妇女党提出“平等权利修正案”(ERA)时,就受到不少进步妇女的     

信息伦理学简史

作为图书馆和信息科学的一门分支学科,信息伦理学已有数十年的发展历史,但这个领域或者说这个短语已发生了变化并融入其他学科理论之中.本文阐述信息伦理学的发展概况.事实上,现在,信息伦理学被视为媒体、新闻业、图书馆和情报学、计算机伦理(包括网络伦理)、管理信息系统、商业和网络等伦理关系的总和.     

社会生产两大部类的关系(一位非经济学者的意见)

多年来,经济学家、科学共产主义专家、社会学家、哲学家们一直在引证一个论点,其基本意思可表述为:社会经济进步的速度取决于生产资料对于消费资料的优先发展。同时引证马克思所说资本主义为生产而生产,资本主义社会取得较之以前社会形态从未有过的生产力的高速发展。当然也引证列宁所说关心社会生产力的发展是社会进步的最高标准。然而不知何故却忽略了列宁和马克思认为的,人,劳动人民是最主要的生产力这一至关重要的环节。马克思确实把优先发展生产资料的生产看作是资本主义生产方式优于封建主义的主