向美国的价值观挑战——80年代的挑战

20世纪,各种工业化文化都面临着许多同样的挑战,但是由于各国的传统和经历不同,受到挑战的价值观也各不相同。战争、独裁、增长与不景气在每个地区都以不同的形式存在。例如,虽然美国的人均收入和增长率不能算是最高的,但这个19世纪中叶就从较高水平起步、其价值观与上升中的生产力与消费水准基本上是同步发展的国家,却形成了具有典型的“中产阶级”价值观的文化。作为一个以民主立国的国家,美国的机会均等主义价值观没     

康德哲学中的认识的能动性问题

对唯心主义的否定是现代唯心主义的反常的特点。当然这种否定是虚假的否定,它只是涉及到了唯心主义哲学的历史的、一定的、主要是纯理性主义的形式。现代唯心主义者可以说是全面地离开了唯心主义的一般传统。实际上他们不是同唯心主义决裂,而是彻底抛弃了其中的合理因素。对唯心主义的简单否定抹煞了它的丰富内容,不懂得它在人类的精神发展中的真正地位,看不到它对认识论所作出的一定贡献。马克思认为旧唯物     

萨摩亚人为何变得如此肥胖

从1975年开始,我和一群同事调查了萨摩亚人由于完全加入西方社会而迅速改变其传统生活方式所遇到的问题。萨摩亚人是许多正经历着现代化的民族的一个代表。我们对居住在西萨摩亚群岛村庄、西萨摩亚群岛首都、已经有许多改变的东萨摩亚群岛区域     

All it takes is leadership

The authors, as leaders in a public child welfare system, have teamed together and reached out to their private sector partners in a large, rural county in western Colorado. This effort was part of a comprehensive, communitywide effort to redesign and fundamentally improve the entire child welfare service delivery system. Across the country in many areas where collaboration and integration have been the focus, we often hear voices in the private and public sector declaring the importance of integration. Why, then, does it not happen as a general course of action? The authors believe the answer lies in leadership, both public and private. They hold the Mesa County model up as witness to that fact.     

Between football and martyrdom: the bi-focal localism of an Arab-Palestinian town in Israel

Studies of the relationship between nationalism and localism have brought evidence that these orientations might maintain either relations of opposition or congruence. By conceiving of localism mainly as a strategy, this paper argues that localism can be used alternately as an anchor of nationalist narrative or as an alternative to nationalism by the exact same community. This argument is illustrated by the case of Sakhnin, an Arab-Palestinian town in Israel. Local pride in Sakhnin has developed around two separate foci: a nationalist heroic narrative of martyrdom and the success of the local football team. These two foci developed in complete isolation, since the first is embedded in a Palestinian nationalist narrative while the latter is oriented toward the Israeli Jewish public. An ethnographic study follows the construction of these separate spheres and a survey conducted among 174 men in the town confirms that involvement in the football sphere correlates with both local pride and integrative orientations.     

Family-directed structural therapy

Family-Directed Structural Therapy (FDST) is an approach to family therapy built on traditional concepts of Structural Family Therapy, the Strengths Model, and Group Work Theory. The FDST approach is a goal-oriented, time limited approach that enables the family to identify strengths and areas of concern, as well as to enhance family functioning. This process is facilitated via the use of a common vocabulary and a concretely organized, easily administered FDST Assessment Tool that is completed by adult family members. This article presents the essential features of the FDST approach, including the use and scoring of the FDST Assessment Tool. It concludes with an extensive case example.     

The implementation of motor learning principles in designing prevention programs at work

Occupational therapy practitioners offer services to workers in the workplace to prevent musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), to help the injured worker restore function, and to recover capacities needed to return to the job. Despite the existence of some evidence about the efficacy of prevention programs, there is uncertainty and even disagreement among health professionals, about the outcome of prevention programs for people with MSDs. It is proposed that principles of motor learning can assist the therapist in structuring prevention programs to facilitate the workers learning of correct movement patterns. This paper discusses basic concepts of motor learning emphasizing characteristics of the learner, the type of task, the structure of practice and application to prevention programs at work settings. We present a four-stage model for prevention programs based on principles of both motor learning and ergonomics. This model coincides with the broad perspective suggested in current occupational therapy models which focuses on the person, the environment, the occupation and their effects on occupational performance.     

Substance use and social identity in the lesbian community

Although the study results report discrepancies in the rates of substance abuse in the lesbian community, the general consensus in the field of gay and lesbian studies is that these individuals, as a whole, have a higher rate of substance use. For this study, data were collected via the Internet on the use of drugs and alcohol, level of self-esteem, and degree of social identity in the lesbian community. A correlation analysis was used to determine if negative social identity within the lesbian community leads to low self-esteem that is reflected in higher rates of substance abuse. Though a positive relationship between social identity and self-esteem was determined, no significant correlation between negative social identity, low self-esteem, and substance use was determined. However, it is important to consider that respondents with higher levels of self-esteem reported more frequent use of specific drugs. That outcome in itself is an implication for further investigation.