二十一世纪的逻辑与哲学

冯赖特于1991年写道,逻辑学中大多数具有哲学意义的技术性工作似乎均已完成。本文作者以二阶逻辑、直觉主义逻辑、连续统值逻辑、一阶模态逻辑,以及关于绝对无限一般性的逻辑等等为例,说明逻辑学中大量具有哲学意义的技术性工作才刚刚开始。对象语言中的非正统只有通过元语言的非正统才能得以充分探究与公正评价,这种非正统有时是关于逻辑的演绎力的,有时是关于语言的表达力的。两种类型的非正统导致在元逻辑研究方式上的争论。由于这方面工作的动机主要是哲学上的,而且所需要的技术常常具有哲学意味,这项工作必须由哲学家自己去完成。因此,在21世纪,逻辑学将继续受到哲学家的关注,哲学家也将继续对它的进一步发展做出贡献。     

族群、社会流动与公共政策:美英比较

编辑书籍就是把不同思维的观点编纂在一起。同时,在多数情况下,选择那些不同的思维都是为了一定的目的。我们这本书的目的可以从题目直接感觉到:“族群、社会流动与公共政策:美英比较”。编者把这么多的学者组合到一起的基本设想主要有两个:社会流动是一个     

未公布档案文件所反映20世纪初叶的俄国与西藏——《俄国与西藏——俄国档案汇编(1900—1914)》序言

该文为《俄国与西藏——俄国档案汇编(1900—1914)》的序言。首先简要介绍了20世纪初以来俄国(沙俄、苏联、当今的俄罗斯)和英国等西方国家,以及中国自上个世纪50年代以来对西藏问题的研究情况;继而介绍了本档案汇编所收文件,以及文件所反映的事件,诸如,沙俄同中国西藏地方当局非法来往;英军入侵西藏;达赖喇嘛出逃外蒙古,俄国出于自身利益的考虑对达赖喇嘛是移居俄国,还是返回中国做出的安排;英、俄背着中国签订侵犯中国主权的《西藏协定》;俄国干涉中国清政府废黜达赖喇嘛名号;达赖喇嘛出逃印度;辛亥革命爆发后的西藏局势;中华民国大总统颁令蒙藏回疆各地方同为中国领土;阿旺德尔智策动西藏独立并与英、俄建立外交关系;华侨团体通电要求向西藏和外蒙古派兵保卫边疆,以及英、藏、中三方西姆拉会议等。     

Signs of resilience in sexually abused adolescent girls in the foster care system

In a sample of 99 sexually abused adolescent girls in the foster care system (64% in congregate living situations and 36% in family/foster care homes), nearly half were psychologically functioning well despite having experienced moderate-to-severe emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. It was hypothesized that these girls with resilient trajectories would differ from the currently symptomatic girls on several protective factors: education, future orientation, family support, peer influence, and religion. The results revealed that the girls with resilient trajectories were significantly more certain of their educational plans and optimistic about their future and had more positive peer influences.     

Factors Associated with Gamblers: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study of South Australian Adults

Objective To determine, using a random telephone survey, the prevalence of various gambling activities among South Australian adults, the prevalence of adult problem gamblers using the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) instrument, and to examine the problem gamblers by demographic and health-related risk factors.Method A random representative sample of South Australian adults selected from the Electronic White Pages. Overall, 6045 interviews were conducted (73.1% response rate) using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) technology.Results Overall, 75.6% (95% CI: 74.5–76.7) of respondents had participated in at least one gambling activity during the last 12 months and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.7–2.4) were identified to be problem gamblers. A wide range of factors was associated with problem gambling at a univariate level, when compared to frequent gamblers. The logistic regression analysis highlighted that problem gamblers were more likely to speak a language other than English, be employed part time and a smoker when compared to frequent gamblers. Problem gamblers were also more likely to have a mental health condition (according to the Kessler 10), have had suicidal thoughts and know of services for gambling problems.Conclusion There is a wide range of characteristics associated with problem gambling in South Australia. All of these factors need addressing during policy development to assist problem gamblers.     

The prevalence and incidence of intimate partner and interpersonal mistreatment in older women in primary care offices

Self-report information about mistreatment experiences and perpetrators were collected from a large sample of women over 55 years of age who sought care from Midwestern primary care offices. A significantly larger proportion of women had experienced sexual mistreatment since turning 55 that was perpetrated by an intimate partner than committed by an interpersonal perpetrator. The women experienced significantly more threats, physical mistreatment, and caregiver mistreatment since turning 55, and more threats and caregiver mistreatment within the last year by an interpersonal perpetrator than by an intimate partner. Several women described different types of perpetrators who had threatened or mistreated them. Few women reported the mistreatment to anyone. Implications for elder service providers and advocates are discussed.     

Smallpox-related knowledge and beliefs among recent college graduates

Recent world events have increased concern and preparations for possible bioterror events. Despite worldwide efforts to limit access to bio-weapons, smallpox is still considered a potential bioterror threat. Americans' understanding of smallpox could prevent panic and enhance the willingness of citizens to receive vaccinations. OBJECTIVE: The authors' purpose in this study was to describe graduating college students' levels of smallpox-related knowledge. METHOD SUMMARY: Participants at a graduation ceremony--mostly female, with a mean age of 28.4+/-8.1 years--were handed a 35-item questionnaire that assessed smallpox knowledge and whether respondents would submit to vaccination under hypothetical circumstances. RESULTS: The convenience sample was ignorant of numerous facts about smallpox and unaware of government efforts to prepare for an attack, answering an average of 3.8 out of 10 items correctly. CONCLUSION: These findings raise concern because, in a smallpox event, prompt responses to directives of public health officials will be necessary to maximize the effectiveness of response plans.     

Material civilization: things and society

This paper argues that although classical sociology has largely overlooked the importance of social relations with the material world in shaping the form of society, Braudel's concept of 'material civilization' is a useful way to begin to understand the sociological significance of this relationship. The limitations of Braudel's historical and general concept can be partially overcome with Elias's analysis of the connection between 'technization' and 'civilization' that allows for both a civilizing and a de-civilizing impact of emergent forms of material relation that both lengthen and shorten the chains of interdependence between the members of a society. It is suggested that the concept of the 'morality of things' employed by a number of commentators is useful in summarizing the civilizing effects of material objects and addressing their sociological significance. From the sociology of consumption the idea of materiality as a sign of social relationships can be drawn, and from the sociology of technology the idea of socio-technical systems and actor-networks can contribute to the understanding of material civilization. It is argued that the concept of 'material capital' can usefully summarize the variable social value of objects but to understand the complexity of material civilization as it unfolds in everyday life, an analysis of 'material interaction' is needed. Finally the paper suggests some initial themes and issues apparent in contemporary society that the sociological study of material civilization might address; the increased volume, functional complexity and material specificity of objects and the increased social complexity, autonomy and substitutability that is entailed. A theory of 'material civilization' is the first step in establishing a sociology of objects.     

Improving quality at the point of service

The authors provide a research-based construct of youth program quality that differentiates safety, support, interaction, and engagement, four important issues for practitioners working with youth in the middle years. They describe two tools that have helped direct staff to be intentional about creating offerings that are appropriate for early adolescents: the focusing idea of point-of-service quality and the technology of observational assessment. They describe how these tools can be used to create cultures of accountability and intentionality that extend across program levels.