土族“神箭”崇拜初探

文章对土族"神箭"崇拜习俗作了介绍,并分析了其中的文化蕴含.认为土族的"神箭"崇拜尽管受到多种文化的影响,但仍可从中找到一些属于自己的特征,为土族历史文化的研究提供重要线索.     

A Flexible Evaluative Framework for Order Picking Systems

This paper develops a novel framework to evaluate the integral performance of order picking systems with different combinations of storage and order picking policies. The warehousing literature on order picking mostly considers minimizing either elapsed time or distance as the sole objective, whereas warehouse managers in a supply chain have to look beyond single‐dimensional performance and consider trade‐offs among different criteria. Thus managers still need a unified and efficient framework to select a portfolio of appropriate order picking policies from a multi‐criteria and contextual perspective. Our framework—combining data envelopment analysis, ranking and selection, and multiple comparisons—provides an efficient methodology to simultaneously analyze several interrelated problems in order picking systems with multiple performance attributes, such as service levels and operational costs. We demonstrate our approach through comprehensive evaluations of order picking policies in three low‐level, picker‐to‐parts rectangular warehouses facing demand variations.     

Effort Observability,Incentive Systems,and Organizational Forms

This paper analyses the choice between a centralized and a decentralized organizational structure focusing on the relationship existing between the allocation of decision rights, the degree of observability of effort and the use of different compensation systems. Profitable production is realized thanks to good information being available during the project selection stage and hard work being performed in the implementation stage. Selection of projects may be made by the principal (hierarchy) or by the agent (delegation). Under the hierarchical system, the principal's participation in the design of projects allows her to gather useful information for the design of a more accurate compensation system. Therefore, we analyse the trade‐off between optimal use of available information and accuracy of incentive systems, which emerges in the choice of organizational form.     

Optimizing the Collections Process in Consumer Credit

This paper builds a dynamic programming model to optimize the collections process in consumer credit. It determines which collections actions should be undertaken and how long they should be performed, including theoretical results about the form of the optimal policy under certain conditions. Finally, a case study is described based on data from the collections department of a European bank.     

重庆市城镇居民消费结构实证分析

消费结构是产业结构演进的根本动因,消费结构的合理化关系到国民经济的持续、稳定、快速和协调发展。文章采用扩展线性支出系统模型,通过消费倾向、消费弹性和基本消费支出等参数定量地考察了重庆市居民消费结构。可以看出重庆市城镇居民边际消费倾向较大,食品和居住在居民支出构成中占较重要的地位。     

Non‐dominated Time‐Window Policies in City Distribution

Urban freight contributes significantly to pollution, noise disturbance, traffic congestion, and safety problems in city centers. In many cities, local governments have introduced policy measures, in particular time‐access restrictions, to alleviate these problems. However, setting time windows is very challenging due to the conflicting interests and objectives of the stakeholders involved. In this article, we examine whether it is possible to develop time‐window policies that enhance environmental sustainability and distribution efficiencies, while meeting the objectives of the municipalities. We develop a framework for balancing retailer (costs), municipality (satisfaction), and environmental (emissions) objectives, using data envelopment analysis, under different urban time‐window policies. The approach is illustrated by a case study of three Dutch retail organizations, with a large number of stores affected by such time windows. On the basis of an evaluation of 99 different time‐window policies, our results show that harmonizing time windows between neighboring cities leads to the best overall performance. The currently used time‐window policy appears to perform reasonably well, but can be improved on all dimensions . However, harmonizing time‐window policies may be difficult to realize in practice.     

人格特质对授权感知的调节效应研究

一、引言 传统的授权理论认为,授权就是将权利分派给其他人以完成特定活动的过程,也就是说,把决策权从组织的一个层级移交到另一个层级(Astly,1984)[1].现代授权理论则认为,授权的本质在于尽可能释放员工的知识、经验和动力,增加员工自我效能感,消除员工"无权"的感觉(Arad & Drasgow ,1994;Conger & Kanungo,1988;Spreitzer,1996).正如Lee和Koh(2001)指出的,授权实际上有两个完全不同的方面,一方面是主管给下属授权的"行为",另一方面是下属感知这种授权行为的"心理状态",即授权感知.     

新论土家语的判断句

土家语的判断句,归纳起来只有肯定判断和否定判断两大类,其中又有隐性判断和显性判断的区别,判断形式多种多样,判断词也极为丰富。说土家语“无判断词”和“判断动词是从汉语里吸收的”是以偏概全,应予纠正。