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271.
Due to the significant role of non‐profit organizations in the development of modern societies, these organizations must adjust their boardrooms. Since traditional theories of corporate governance appear to be limited in explaining the changing non‐profit world, we propose an extended model of governance that integrates the traditional arguments of agency theory with a cognitive dimension. Based on a sample of Spanish foundations, we present evidence on the effect of the board composition on foundations' organizational efficiency. We show that board size and independence do not have a definitive effect on the entity's efficiency. Instead, the knowledge diversity inside the boardroom and the active character of trustees have a positive influence on resource allocation. The cognitive dimension of the extended model of governance is critical to explaining how boards impact on organizational performance. 相似文献
272.
The paper presents a hierarchical framework for production control of hospitals which deals with the balance between service and efficiency, at all levels of planning and control. The framework is based on an analysis of the design requirements for hospital production control systems. These design requirements are translated into the control functions at different levels of planning required for hospital production control. The framework consists of five levels of planning and control: patient planning and control, patient group planning and control, resources planning and control, patient volumes planning and control and strategic planning, though this last level does not make part of production control as such. Each of the levels of the framework is further elaborated in terms of the decisions made regarding patient flows and resources, and the co-ordination of the different planning levels. Implications of the framework are discussed by describing some points where current practice deviates from assumptions made in our approach. Recommendations for future research and development of the planning framework are formulated. 相似文献
273.
Victor De Oliveira 《Revue canadienne de statistique》2007,35(2):283-301
The author shows how geostatistical data that contain measurement errors can be analyzed objectively by a Bayesian approach using Gaussian random fields. He proposes a reference prior and two versions of Jeffreys' prior for the model parameters. He studies the propriety and the existence of moments for the resulting posteriors. He also establishes the existence of the mean and variance of the predictive distributions based on these default priors. His reference prior derives from a representation of the integrated likelihood that is particularly convenient for computation and analysis. He further shows that these default priors are not very sensitive to some aspects of the design and model, and that they have good frequentist properties. Finally, he uses a data set of carbon/nitrogen ratios from an agricultural field to illustrate his approach. 相似文献
274.
Annalisa De Bonis 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2008,15(1):77-94
Group testing with inhibitors (GTI) is a variant of classical group testing where in addition to positive items and negative items, there is a third class
of items called inhibitors. In this model the response to a test is YES if and only if the tested group of items contains at least one positive item
and no inhibitor. This model of group testing has been introduced by Farach et al. (Proceedings of compression and complexity
of sequences, pp 357–367, 1997) for applications in the field of molecular biology. In this paper we investigate the GTI problem both in the case when the
exact number of positive items is given, and in the case when the number of positives is not given but we are provided with
an upper bound on it. For the latter case, we present a lower bound on the number of tests required to determine the positive
items in a completely nonadaptive fashion. Also under the same hypothesis, we derive an improved lower bound on the number
of tests required by any algorithm (using any number of stages) for the GTI problem.
As far as it concerns the case when the exact number of positives is known, we give an efficient trivial two-stage algorithm.
Instrumental to our results are new combinatorial structures introduced in this paper. In particular we introduce generalized
versions of the well known superimposed codes (Du, D.Z., Hwang, F.K. in Pooling designs and nonadaptive group testing, 2006; Dyachkov, A.G., Rykov, V.V. in Probl. Control Inf. Theory 12:7–13, 1983; Dyachkov, A.G., et al. in J. Comb. Theory Ser. A 99:195–218, 2002; Kautz, W.H., Singleton, R.R. in IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 10:363–377, 1964) and selectors (Clementi, A.E.F, et al. in Proceedings of symposium on discrete algorithms, pp. 709–718, 2001; De Bonis, A., et al. in SIAM J Comput. 34(5):1253–1270, 2005; Indyk, P. in Proceedings of symposium on discrete algorithms, pp. 697–704, 2002) that we believe to be of independent interest. 相似文献
275.
International human resource management (IHRM) represents an important dimension of international management. Over the past three decades, there has been considerable growth in research and practice in IHRM. While there have been extensive developments in this field, numerous scholars have identified aspects requiring review and revision. Hence, this paper reviews and interrogates the progress in IHRM's theoretical development. The review leads to the conclusion that research in IHRM has tended to emphasize integration over other forms of progress. In response, and in provocation, imitation rather than integration is suggested as an approach for the development of future theoretical and conceptual directions in IHRM. 相似文献
276.
D. De Angelis N. E. Day & O. N. Gill 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society)》1998,161(2):167-176
Since the late 1980s, regular monitoring of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic in England and Wales has been carried out through the work of successive national working groups. One of their tasks has been to provide short-term projections of the incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In this paper the data and methods used in this projection work are reviewed and results critically assessed with the aim of highlighting the strong interaction between methodological developments and data acquisition. 相似文献
277.
:演义人物的高度理想化 ,是作者在塑造人物时 ,受英雄史观、道德史观的左右 ,将人物视为社会政治理想和人格理想的艺术载体以及民众学习的榜样导致的 ;而人物的类型化 ,则不仅是人物理想化的结果 ,同时也与演义小说以情节为中心 ,从事件的角度来写人 ,人物在小说中扮演着固定的角色 ,演义因袭宋元以来戏曲、讲史的人物造型原则 ,迎合读者大众对英雄人物的审美期待等因素有关 相似文献
278.
279.
A repairable system, under minimal repair, is usually modeled according to a Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP) assuming a Power Law intensity function. A traditional approach considers iid NHPPs in order to conduct a statistical analysis based on a sample of systems. However, systems might be heterogeneous due to unmeasured variables such as age, suppliers, and so on. In order to verify this assumption a frequentist approach is proposed in this article. Some possible model scenarios considering different systems heterogeneity are compared using likelihood ratio tests and information criteria. Real data sets illustrate the proposed methodology. 相似文献
280.
The adaptive trimmed means of Hogg (1974) and modified by De Wet and van Wvk (1978) are studied in this paper for finite samples. They are shown to have good intervals and afficiency Properties for Sample sizes 20 and larger Confidence intervals pased on these estimator are also considered and found to be fairly ro-bust for sample sizes 40 and larger. 相似文献